1. Unit 8 – Chapters 19 and 20

2. Chapter 19 – Section 1 I.Many Factors Encourage Exploration II.Portugal Leads the Way III.Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean

3. Caravel Sailing Ship

4.  The demand for spices, introduced to Europe during the Crusade, prompted trade  Small supply of spices brought up prices causing interest in trade/exploration to increase  Muslims and Italians controlled the land trade routes giving the a monopoly over the market  An alternate route, via the sea directly to Asia, was sought

5.  Crusades had left hostility between the Muslims and Christians  Europe believed they had a sacred duty to spread the faith, but the land routes were controlled by the Muslims  Bartolomeu Dias, desired to explore and serve God  “… to give light to those who were in darkness …”

6.  The Caravel – a newly designed ship  Could sail against the wind because it was sturdier and its triangular sails would permit it to sail against the wind  Astrolabe – using the stars to guide them  Sight the stars and using the rings on the astrolabe determine how far north or south the ship was sailing  Magnetic Compass – designed by the Chinese – could more accurately track their direction

7. Prince Henry the Navigator

8.  Prince Henry the Navigator  Ceuta  Muslim city in Northern Africa  Wealth of the city enticed Henry  Spices, gold, silver and jewels  Navigation School  Southwestern coast of Portugal  Brought map makers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, scientists and sea captains  African Trading Posts  Along the western coast of Africa  Traded for gold and ivory  Traded African captives for use as slaves

9.  Tried to sail around tip of Africa  1488 – Bartolmeu Dias went south – got caught in huge storm – storm blew his ships around the tip – explored southeast Africa  1498 – Vasco da Gama – reached India – were able to bring home spices from India

10.  Spain also wanted to reach Asia by a quicker route  1492 – Christopher Columbus – sailed west, for Spain, to reach the East Indies– reached the Caribbean by October of 1492 – incorrect assumption he’d reached Asia  1493 – Pope Alexander VI saw tensions between Spain and Portugal rising over the “Asian” lands –Line of Demarcation giving west to Spain and east to Portugal – Portugal said Spain received too much land – Treaty of Tordesillas changed the line to give Portugal Brazil, but all else remained the same

11. A. Portugal’s Trading Empire B. Other Nations Drive Out the Portuguese C. European Trade Outposts

12.  By 1509, Portugal had gained control of the spice trade from India  1510 & 11 – Captured major port (Goa) in India –took Malacca on the Malay peninsula – they captured the Moluccas (also known as the Spice Islands) – brought spices back for 1/5 of the cost that Arab traders charged  1514 – Built a fort at Hormuz to keep Muslim traders out  1521 – Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines  1565 – Spain claim the Philippines – Europe began to descend on the region

13.  Other Nations Drive Out the Portuguese  c. 1600 – English and Dutch challenge Indian Ocean trade  the Dutch used to be under Spain but won independence in 1550s  1600 – Dutch had a largest fleet in the world – 20,000 ships – worked w/ English to break Portugal’s hold – then the two nations battled each other for control – Dutch East India Company was more powerful and won over England

14.  1619 – Dutch established trade outpost on Java and went of to conquer from there seizing control of Indian Ocean trade  Amsterdam became leading commercial trade center  1664 – France established a hold on trade and by 1720s had their first outpost  From 1500 – 1800, Europe conquered much of the Indian Ocean region