1. Feed Resources Assessment and Potential Implications for Interventions in the Menz Sheep Breed Areas, Ethiopia Amare Haileselassie, Alan Duncan, Michael Blummel Ethiopian Livestock Feed Project Synthesis workshop, Addis Ababa, 28-29 May 2012

2. Problem setting  Distributed in Central Highlands>2500masl:a narrow belt running from North to South in the Eastern parts of the Amhara Regional State  The Menz sheep breed has a greater prominence for its meat flavor  Smallholder farmers are keeping this breed as an important component of their livelihood activities

3. Problem setting cont.…  Menz sheep constitute as high as 24% of the livestock herd composition & 22-63% of the net cash income derived from livestock production.  However, low productivity associated with poor feed quality and low feed availability are major limiting factor for intensification  Objectives this component ELF  Diagnose the meso-scale feed demand, availability and management;  To synthesize potential implications for feed based interventions.

4. Approaches  Farming system/Livelihood zone approach Features of the two sample districts representing two major livelihood zones (BLS and CLL,) Key features Livelihood zones Barley Legume Sheep (BLS, at Gera-Midir, ) Cereals-Legumes-Livestock ( CLL, at Basona Worena) Altitude (MASL)1669-35631661-3293 Rainfall (mean annual in mm)896819 Temperature ( mean Max-Min ( 0 C)6.8- 178-20 Cropping patternBarley, wheat, pulsesBarley, Wheat, other cereals, pulses Population density (person km -2) 6792 Arable land (ha household -1 )0.81.2 TLU per km -2 85147 TLU farm -1 46 Sheep farm -1 113.8 Sheep to cattle ratio30.6

5. Approaches cont..  Feed ME supply was estimated using land use/ land cover data from different literature  Crop residue was estimated from the 2011 yield using conversion factors and use factors  DM from grazing land was estimated using multiple regression approaches that involves edaphic, climatic and landscape variables  Recent ME values for common feed resources in Ethiopia was used to convert the DM to feed ME values  Feed ME demand was estimated from the sum of the maintenance energy standing and walking, milk production, body weight gain and draft power

6. Feed supply Major land use/ land cover ( BLS and CLL systems) BLS CLL

7. Feed - ME supply from different land use /land cover Study systems Land use /land cover types ME (GJ ha- 1 ) BLS-ME (TJ yr -1 ) ME (GJ ha- 1 ) CLL-ME (TJ yr -1 ) Crop land-cereals10.548626.21749 Crop land -Pulses5.312515.0648 Crop land-others1.52 Stubble grazing1.51441.5158 Grazing land1541015.5223 Others *15.537519.5436 Total 1543 3214

8. ME share of the major feed ingredient (CR is for crop residues, SG is for stubble grazing, GR is grazing, HYC is conserved hay and HST is standing hay )

9. Systems Demand type All livestock in BLS All livestock CLL Sheep- BLS Sheep-CLL Maintenances ( TJ yr -1 ) 1,5412,733542277 Activities (TJ Yr -1 ) 1192043013 Production and services (TJ Yr -1 ) 9001,114606347 Total-demand (TJ Yr -1 ) 2,6494,0511178636 Supply (TJ Yr -1 ) 1,5043,302511297 Stocking rate/Carrying capacity 176%123%-- Stocking rate/ Carrying capacity (MoA 2002) 171%142%-- ME demand and stocking rate

10. Maintenance has a major share of total energy demand Activities are walking and feed intake; production are milk, weight gain and services

11. Seasonal variability of feed quality is one of the major problem

12. Key messages  The present livestock feed ingredients in the study systems, primarily, constitute green fodder from grazing, dry fodder from CR, standing hay and conserved hay.  Supplementation is limited mainly from residues of crop and local brewery. Farmers are selectively supplementing large ruminants and thus sheep in both systems suffers from nutritional deficiencies (e.g. CP) and thus this may account for the current low levels of weight gain under farm condition.  The feed ME demand is dominated by the maintenance requirement followed by activities. ME for production is insignificant particularly when the contribution of service is deducted. This, suggests the need to convert maintenance feed ME investment to production through proper supplementation.

13. Key messages  The available feed is hardly sufficient for maintenance. Farmers selective feeding and targeting of market at better feed time are major coping strategies. But as selective feedings hardly include sheep, particularly in CLL system, the weight gain potential and festive season market opportunities for sheep are not well exploited.  The gap between farmers practice and potential weight gain of sheep under station condition (>60%) justifies the need for intervention. Projected demand side is also very promising.  Simultaneous interventions addressing these shortfalls are important to exploit these potential. For such attempts to be realistic a unique role, context and optimum combination of different feed ingredient must be recognized and linked to input costs and output benefit.