1. IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency PGEC Part IV The International System of Radiation Protection and the Regulatory Framework Module IV.11. Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources 11.1 Introduction, Basic Requirements & Code of Conduct Postgraduate Educational Course in radiation protection and the Safety of Radiation sources

2. IAEA This module will discuss the following aspects:  Introduction & Basic Requirements,  Code of Conduct: Scope and objectives, Legislation and Regulations, Regulatory Body, Import and Export of Radioactive Sources, Role of the IAEA.  Introduction to Regulatory Authority Information System (RAIS), including National inventory of radiation sources  Guidance on transport of radioactive sources; recovery of orphan sources; Overview of Module IV.11 2

3. IAEA To provide an understanding on achieving and maintaining a high level of safety and security of radioactive sources through the establishment of an adequate system of regulatory control applicable for all stages from initial production of sources to their final disposal. Objective Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources 3

4. IAEA Orphan or vulnerable sources have been found … Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources

5. IAEA …some times too late. Goiânia 1987: Contaminated buildings needed to be demolished Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources 5

6. IAEA IAEA Reports on Radiation Accidents Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources 6

7. IAEA BSS requirements 7 2.27. The government shall ensure that infrastructural arrangements are in place for the interfaces between safety and the security of radioactive sources. 2.35. The regulatory body shall make provision for establishing, maintaining and retrieving adequate records relating to facilities and activities. These records shall include: Registers of sealed sources and radiation generators 2.26. The government shall ensure that arrangements are in place for regaining control over radioactive sources that have been abandoned, lost, misplaced, stolen or otherwise transferred without proper authorization.

8. IAEA BSS requirements 8 Requirement 5: Management for protection and safety The principal parties shall ensure that protection and safety is effectively integrated into the overall management system of the organizations for which they are responsible. 2.48. The principal parties shall ensure that the management system14 is designed and implemented to enhance protection and safety by: (a) Applying the requirements for protection and safety coherently with other requirements, including requirements for operational performance, and coherently with guidelines for security; Requirement 17: Radiation generators and radioactive sources Registrants and licensees shall ensure the safety of radiation generators and radioactive sources.

9. IAEA G8 Evian Summit June 2003 Dijon 1998 Sept 11 2001 Vienna, March 2003 Code of Conduct 9

10. IAEA CODE OF CONDUCT ON THE SAFETY AND SECURITY OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES Developed and endorsed by IAEA Member States To address international concerns over the safety & security of radioactive sources Provides non-legally binding Guidance January 2004 Code of Conduct 10

11. IAEA TARGET AUDIENCE Governments Code of Conduct 11

12. IAEA To achieve and maintain a high level of safety and security of radioactive sources prevent reduceTo prevent unauthorised access or damage to, and loss, theft or unauthorised transfers of radioactive sources, so as to reduce the likelihood of accidental harmful exposure malicious use of such sources To mitigate or minimize radiological consequences of any accident or malicious act involving sources Objectives of the Code Code of Conduct 12

13. IAEA Based on International Standards Provides guidance on: Legislation Regulations Regulatory body Import/export controls Code of Conduct 13

14. IAEA High risk sources (Category 1 – 3 sources, as given in Annex 1 ) Not applicable to nuclear material sources within military or defence programmes Scope of the Code Code of Conduct 14

15. IAEA Scope and objective of the Code General obligations of the Member States Legislation and regulations Regulatory body Import and export of radioactive sources Role of the IAEA Dissemination of the Code Contents of the Code Code of Conduct 15

16. IAEA Many Member States have a made a political commitment with regard to the Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources Code of Conduct 16

17. IAEA An effective national legislative and regulatory system of control over radioactive sources is in place Appropriate facilities and services for radiation protection, safety and security are available to, and used by the authorized bodies Adequate arrangements are in place for the training of the staff of the regulatory body, law enforcement agencies and emergency services organizations Every Member State should ensure that 17 Code of Conduct

18. IAEA Establish a national register of radioactive sources. This register should, as a minimum, include Category 1 and 2 radioactive sources. Ensure that information concerning any loss of control over radioactive sources, or any incidents, with potential transboundary effects involving radioactive sources, is provided promptly to potentially affected States through established IAEA or other mechanisms. Every Member State should 18 Code of Conduct

19. IAEA Promote awareness among industry, health professionals, the public, and government bodies of the safety and security hazards associated with orphan sources Encourage bodies likely to encounter orphan sources to implement appropriate monitoring programmes to detect such sources Every Member State should 19 Code of Conduct

20. IAEA Encourage the reuse or recycling of radioactive sources when practicable and consistent with considerations of safety and security Emphasize to designers, manufacturers, suppliers and users and those managing disused sources their responsibilities for the safety and security of radioactive sources Every Member State should 20 Code of Conduct

21. IAEA Define its domestic threat, and assess its vulnerability with respect to this threat for the variety of sources used within its territory, based on the potential for loss of control and malicious acts involving radioactive sources. Take appropriate measures consistent with its national law to protect the confidentiality of any information that it receives in confidence under the Code from another State. Every Member State should 21 Code of Conduct

22. IAEA Legislation and regulations 22 Code of Conduct

23. IAEA Prescribe and assign governmental responsibilities to assure the safety and security of radioactive sources Provide for the effective control of radioactive sources Specify the requirements for protection against exposure to ionizing radiation the safety and security of radioactive sources Legislation and regulations should 23 Code of Conduct

24. IAEA The establishment of an effectively independent regulatory body Measures to protect individuals, society and the environment from the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation from radioactive sources Administrative requirements relating to notifications to the regulatory body and the authorization of the management of radioactive sources Provisions for exemptions Legislation and regulations should provide for 24 Code of Conduct

25. IAEA Managerial requirements relating to the establishment of policies, procedures and measures for the control of radioactive sources Requirements for security measures to deter, detect and delay the unauthorized access to, or the theft, loss or unauthorized use or removal of radioactive sources Requirements relating to the verification of the safety and security of radioactive sources The capacity to take appropriate enforcement actions Legislation and regulations should provide for 25 Code of Conduct

26. IAEA Regulatory body 26 Code of Conduct

27. IAEA Establish regulations and issue guidance relating to the safety and security of radioactive sources Require those who intend to manage radioactive sources to seek an authorization and to Obtain all relevant information from an applicant Issue, amend, suspend or revoke it, as necessary Attach clear and unambiguous conditions to it. Regulatory body established by legislation should have the authority to: 27 Code of Conduct

28. IAEA Obtain any relevant and necessary information from a person with an authorization Require suppliers of radioactive sources to provide the recipient with all relevant technical information to permit their safe and secure management Enter premises in order to undertake inspections for the verification of compliance with regulatory requirements Enforce regulatory requirements Regulatory body established by legislation should have the authority to: 28 Code of Conduct

29. IAEA Monitor, or request other authorized bodies to monitor, at appropriate checkpoints for the purpose of detecting orphan sources Ensure that corrective actions are taken when a radioactive source is in an unsafe or non-secure condition Provide to an authorized body and the public any information that is deemed necessary in order to protect individuals, society and the environment Regulatory body established by legislation should have the authority to: 29 Code of Conduct

30. IAEA Liaise and co-ordinate with other governmental bodies and with relevant non-governmental bodies Liaise with regulatory bodies of other countries and with international organizations Establish criteria for intervention in emergency situations Ensure that radioactive sources are stored in facilities appropriate for the purpose of such storage Regulatory body established by legislation should have the authority to: 30 Code of Conduct

31. IAEA Is staffed by qualified personnel Has the financial resources and the facilities and equipment necessary to undertake its functions Is able to draw upon specialist resources and expertise from other relevant governmental agencies. Establishes procedures for dealing with applications for authorization. Member State should ensure that the regulatory body: 31 Code of Conduct

32. IAEA Ensures that arrangements are made for the safe management and secure protection of radioactive sources, including financial provisions where appropriate, once they have become disused Maintains appropriate records of authorized bodies and the type(s) of radioactive sources that they are authorized to use Member State should ensure that the regulatory body: 32 Code of Conduct

33. IAEA Promotes the establishment of a safety culture and of a security culture among all bodies involved in the management of radioactive sources Establishes systems for ensuring that radioactive sources and their containers, and areas where radioactive sources are managed are marked with appropriate signs Member State should ensure that the regulatory body: 33 Code of Conduct

34. IAEA Establishes systems for ensuring that radioactive sources are identifiable and traceable Ensures that inventory controls are conducted on a regular basis by authorized bodies Carries out both announced and unannounced inspections at an appropriate frequency Takes enforcement actions to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements Member State should ensure that the regulatory body: 34 Code of Conduct

35. IAEA Ensures that the regulatory principles and criteria remain adequate and valid Requires the prompt reporting by authorized persons of loss of control over, and of incidents in connection with, radioactive sources Provides guidance on appropriate levels of information, instruction and training to manufacturers, suppliers and users of radioactive sources Member State should ensure that the regulatory body: 35 Code of Conduct

36. IAEA Requires authorized persons to prepare emergency plans Is prepared (or has established provisions) to recover and restore appropriate control over orphan sources to deal with radiological emergencies and has established response plans and measures In respect of orphan sources that may have originated within the State to assist in obtaining technical information relating to their safe and secure management Member State should ensure that the regulatory body: 36 Code of Conduct

37. IAEA Import and export 37 Code of Conduct

38. IAEA Export of Category 1 and 2 sources shall take place only with consent by the importing State the prior notification by the exporting State Import and export of radioactive sources 38 Code of Conduct

39. IAEA Import of Category 1 and 2 sources shall be consented only if the recipient is authorized to receive and possess the source the importing State has the appropriate technical and administrative capability, resources and regulatory structure needed to ensure that the source will be managed in a manner consistent with the provisions of the Code Import and export of radioactive sources 39 Code of Conduct

40. IAEA Export of a Category 1 or 2 source should be authorised only if the exporting state can satisfy itself, insofar as practicable, that the receiving State has authorized the recipient to receive and possess the source has the appropriate technical and administrative capability, resources and regulatory structure needed to ensure that the source will be managed in a manner consistent with the provisions of the Code Import and export of radioactive sources 40 Code of Conduct

41. IAEA Import or export may also be authorized in exceptional circumstances with the consent of the importing State if an alternative arrangement has been made to ensure the source will be managed in a safe and secure manner. Import and export of radioactive sources 41 Code of Conduct

42. IAEA Every State should allow for re-entry into its territory of disused radioactive sources if, in the framework of its national law, it has accepted that they be returned to a manufacturer authorized to manage the disused sources. Every State should take appropriate steps to ensure that import or export is conducted in a manner consistent with existing relevant international standards relating to the transport of radioactive materials. Import and export of radioactive sources 42 Code of Conduct

43. IAEA Transport of radioactive sources through the territory of a transit or transshipment state should be conducted in a manner consistent with existing relevant international standards relating to the transport of radioactive materials particular attention should be paid to maintaining continuity of control during international transport. Import and export of radioactive sources 43 Code of Conduct

44. IAEA Further guidance on the application of the Code provisions on import and export is provided in the “ Guidance on the Import and Export of Radioactive Sources IAEA, Vienna (2005)” (See Module 3-6) Import and export of radioactive sources 44 Code of Conduct

45. IAEA Role of the IAEA Dissemination of the Code Annexes Implementation of the Code 45 Code of Conduct

46. IAEA To collect and disseminate information on laws, regulations and technical standards relating to the safety and security of radioactive sources To develop and establish relevant technical standards and provide for the application of these standards To disseminate the Code and related information To implement the measures approved by its policy- making organs. Role of the IAEA 46 Code of Conduct

47. IAEA Every State should, as appropriate, inform persons involved in the management of radioactive sources, such as industry, health professionals, government bodies, and the public, of the measures it has taken to implement the Code Dissemination of the Code 47 Code of Conduct

48. IAEA Category 1 sources used in radiothermal generators, irradiators and radiation teletherapy Category 2 sources used in industrial gamma radiography, high dose rate brachytherapy and medium dose rate brachytherapy Category 3 high activity fixed industrial gauges and well logging Annex I: Sources covered by the Code 48 Code of Conduct

49. IAEA Following approval of the Code by the Board of Governors, the General Conference (Resolution GC(47)/RES/7.B) urged each State to write to the Director General stating: that it fully supports and endorses the IAEA’s efforts to enhance the safety and security of radioactive sources; and that it is working towards following the guidance contained in the revised Code In addition, the BoG requested the Director General to publish a list of States that make such a political commitment Implementation of the Code 49 Code of Conduct

50. IAEA 50 Code of Conduct

51. IAEA References 51 Code of Conduct

52. IAEA Home page for IAEA Nuclear Safety & Security: http://www-ns.iaea.org/default.asp IAEA Safety Requirements BSS GSR Part 3 (Interim) IAEA (2011) http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/p1531_startpage.pdf http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/p1531_startpage.pdf IAEA Safety Requirements: Governmental, Legal and Regulatory Framework for Safety. GSR Part 1 IAEA (2010) Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, 2009 Edition Safety Requirements, IAEA (2009) Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources, IAEA, Vienna (2004) Guidance on the Import and Export of Radioactive Sources IAEA, Vienna (2005) Security of Radioactive Sources, IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 11, IAEA, Vienna (2009) Security in the Transport of Radioactive Material, IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 9, IAEA, Vienna (2008). Other publications issued in the IAEA Nuclear Security Series National Strategy for Regaining Control over Orphan Sources and Improving Control over Vulnerable Sources SSG-19, IAEA (2011) Security of Radioactive Sources, TECDOC 1355, IAEA (2003) Categorization of Radioactive Sources, Safety Guide RS-G-1.9, IAEA, Vienna (2005) Further information 52