2. The “Dynamic” 18th Century

3. Demographics “turning point”—from 120M in 1700 to 190 M in 1790 due to declining death rate better food supply, weather, end of plague still very unsanitary

4. Agricultural Revolution Neth. and England more land, climate, livestock, methods fodder crops, hoe, seed drill, selective breeding potato economies of scale Townsend & Tull

5. Family and Children ideas of Locke & Rousseau emergence of concept childcare clothes, books, games illegitimacy & foundlings nuclear family marriage ages decline in birth rate birth control “family economy” “privacy”

6. Social Structure still hierarchy and “estates” critique by philosophes but distrust of masses economic developments provide impetus for future changes resurgence of aristocracy and slow rise of middle class

7. Aristocracy privileges and exemptions (wealth varied) strongest in Eastern Europe economic activities the “country house” (England) development of public/private areas Grand Tour

8. Peasants 85% of population free and unfree tithes, taxes, duties, labor Eastern Europe and great estates villages--center of life parasitic relation with town diet of peasants rebellions— Pugachev Revolt

9. Towns and Bourgeoisie more important in W. Europe growth of cities migration from countryside patrician oligarchies middle class diversity petty bourgeoisie artisans & guilds unskilled laborers unhealthy conditions poverty and begging

10. Education “stale” universities--Greek and Latin “elitist” 2ndary schools---hierarchy “dissenting academies” & Realschule grammar schools and government sponsorship— Volkschule (Prot. v. Catholic) University of Gottingen and Univ. of Edinburgh

11. Publishing & Literacy more books, magazines, newspapers Spectator & female audiences increase in literacy development of public opinion popularization of New Science among middle class coffeehouses

12. Crime and Punishment decline in violent crime rate more property crimes public executions, torture, exile legal and penal reforms Cesare Beccaria humanitarianism

13. Medicine and Health professionalization of medicine physicians more clinical, e.g., at U. of Leiden surgeons separate from barbers but still bleed (more like physicians)— Royal College of Surgeons folk medicine, faith healers, midwives hospital “reform” and hygiene

14. Popular Culture festivals & Carnival eating, drinking, sex, aggression “world turned upside down” reinforce hierarchy but violence taverns--vodka & gin divergence of elite and popular commercialization of leisure bloodsports chapbooks & almanacs

15. Assessment looking back—begins “modernity” looking forward—still medieval significant change is evident, much of it incremental and structural key—rising expectations sense of progress & reform Dynamic?