1. The Renaissance and Reformation 1300-1650

2. Why Italy?

3. The Renaissance in Italy – Rebirth! I. Italian City-States - Birth of the Renaissance – revival of art (liberal arts such as grammar, poetry, rhetoric, painting, sculpture, architecture, and music). - Florence, Milan, Venice, Genoa, Rome – Merchant center that encourage culture. - Medici’s of Florence – wealthy merchant family that translated their business status into cultural and political power – Lorenzo “the magnificent” (ideal renaissance politician and patron of the arts).

4. II. What was the Renaissance? - Revival of classical learning of Greece and Rome. - Produced an adventurous spirit – exploration. - Humanism – focus on worldly subjects rather than religious issues – reflected through art (backgrounds, realism) and architecture (domes, arches, columns). Aristotle: looks to this earth [the here and now]. Plato: looks to the heavens [or the IDEAL realm].

5. III. Great Leaders of the Renaissance - Leonardo DiVinci – talents in painting, anatomy, engineering, botany, music, etc. - Famous for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. - Michelangelo Buonarrotti – architect, poet, painter, sculptor, and engineer. - Famous for the ceiling of the Sistine chapel and the dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral. - Machiavelli – writer who published The Prince in 1513 – guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power – ruthless in nature and a realistic look at politics.

6. Leonardo DaVinci: Artist

7. Leonardo DaVinci: Inventor

8. Leonardo DaVinci: Anatomy

9. Michelangelo Buonarrotti: Sculptor

10. Michelangelo Buonarrotti: Painter

11. Architecture: Revival of Rome!

12. Dome Comparison

13. The Renaissance Moves North I. Northern Renaissance Leaders - Believed in humanism and classical learning, but emphasize religious themes. - Albrecht Durer – German Leonardo – traveled to Italy and learned new techniques in engravings (religious based). - Desideruis Erasmus – Dutch priest who used his knowledge of classical languages to create a Greek edition of the New Testament and call for the use of vernacular –everyday language.

14. Wedding Portrait by van Eyck (c. 1434)

15. I.Northern Renaissance Leaders Cont. - Francois Rabelais – French writer who uses his novels to parallel real world events. - William Shakespeare – English playwright who was known for his tragedies and comedies. - Johann Gutenberg – German who invented the first printing press – books are cheaper and more available and allows for easy education of the masses!!!

16. Protestant Reformation (Protest for Reform) I. Abuses of the Church - Church becomes power hungry and rich through corruption. - People start to educate themselves in the Renaissance and learn that there are other ways than the Catholic Church!

17. II. Martin Luther’s Protest - German monk, Martin Luther, protested the corruption of the church (indulgences – lessen time in purgatory that were given, bought and sold). - Wrote the 95 Theses – arguments against indulgences, the pope had no authority, and faith was the only key to salvation.

18. II. Martin Luther’s Protest Cont. - Printing presses replicated the Theses; the church excommunicated him and created a movement against Catholicism. - Beliefs – salvation through faith, bible as main source, rejection of clergy hierarchy, and rejected 5/7 sacraments. - Lutheran principles spread throughout Germany – Charles V tried to force Catholicism through war – 1555 Peace of Augsburg – allowed leaders to decide.

19. III. John Calvin - Similar to Luther, he was trained as a priest and wrote down his Christian beliefs in the Institutes of the Christian Religion. - Believed that faith was key to salvation, the bible was the only source, and also that people were pre-determined (God decided who will be saved previously). - Set up a theocracy and Christian societies that stressed hard work, thrift, and morality. - Spread throughout Europe and threatened the Roman Catholic Church – John Knox – overthrew Catholic queen and set up the Scottish Presbyterian Church.

20. Reformation Spreads I. The English Reformation - Henry VIII – anti-protestant until he wanted an annulment (cancel a marriage) – passed laws and set up the new Anglican Church (Church of England) to replace the Catholic Church. - Created turmoil – later Queen Elizabeth made a compromise between the catholic and Anglican Church (English instead of Latin but kept hierarchy of bishops).

21. II. Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) - Effort to revive the moral authority of the Catholic Church and end corruption. - Council of Trent – 1545 - reaffirm catholic views and stop abuses and corruption. - Inquisition – Church court that tortured and execute to root out heretics – also wrote an index of forbidden books (Calvin and Luther’s included). - Jesuits (order to seek out heresy and spread Catholicism) and Teresa of Avila worked to bring catholic views to the mainstream again. - Religious fervor led to witch hunts, scapegoating, and anti-Semitism.

22. Scientific Revolution - Copernicus’s heliocentric theory – sun centered and oval-shaped system. - Galileo – telescope that proved Copernicus’s theory – the Inquisition questioned him and forced him to repeal his findings. - Creation of the scientific method and the concept of a hypothesis. - Francis Bacon – pushed for practical use of science – experimental methods to learn about the world! - Isaac Newton – gravity and laws of motion. - Medicine and Chemistry – discovery of elements and compounds, as well as a better understanding of anatomy, the blood system, and the bodily cells (microscope).