1. The Reformation 1517-1648 The religious movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups.

2. Reasons for the Reformation Christian Humanism – came from the Renaissance in northern Europe, a major goal was to reform the Catholic Church Corruption – popes too concerned with politics instead of spiritual matters, some cared more about advancing careers and gaining wealth, if a person bought a relic from the church they could gain an indulgence and this would release them from sin.

3. Corruption in the Catholic Church Pope Julius II actually led armies into battle against his enemies, this upset many Christians. “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.” – Monk Johann Tetzel Indulgences could take years off from purgatory

4. Martin Luther - a monk and a university professor who rejected the corruption of the Catholic Church, wrote “Ninety-Five Theses” expressing his beliefs: 1.Believed that humans were saved by faith in God instead of good works. This is main idea of Protestant Reformation. 2.Bible was the only source of religious truth, not priests. 3.Believed that buying indulgences only harmed one’s chance for salvation.

5. Martin Luther’s 95 Theses Luther's popularity encouraged others to share their doubts about the Catholic Church. Sent the list to church superiors and bishops. Thousands of copies were printed and spread throughout Germany using printing press. Pope Leo X called him “some drunken German who will amend his ways when he sobers up.”

6. Martin Luther Martin Luther called for German princes to overthrow the Papacy and the formation of the Reformed German Church in 1520. Wanted the sacraments of baptism and Communion kept in the new church. Also wanted clergy to marry. He translated the Bible into the vernacular. He was excommunicated by the Church in 1521. Emperor Charles V thought he could change Luther’s ideas, but he was ignored. He was declared an outlaw by the Edict of Worms. Was to be captured and works burned. Luther had to go into hiding. Many German rulers took control of churches and followed Lutheranism doctrine. Lutheranism became first protestant faith.

7. Politics in German Reformation Charles V had armies fighting all across Europe to keep the Holy Roman Empire intact. By the time forces arrived to stop the Protestant movement, it was too late and the German princes who followed Luther were well organized. Peace of Augsburg accepted division of Christianity into Germany. Ruler could determine which religion his subjects had.

8. Spread of Protestantism Ulrich Zwingli led reformation movement in Switzerland. Sought an alliance with Martin Luther and German reformers, but could not agree on certain rites. War broke out between Protestant and Catholic states in Switzerland. Zwingli was defeated in battle. He was killed, body was cut up, burned, and ashes were scattered. John Calvin then took over the movement.

9. Spread of the Reform Native of France who had to flee to Switzerland. Like Luther, believed in doctrine of justification by faith alone to achieve salvation. John Calvin wrote “Institutes of the Christian Religion” in 1536. a summary of Protestant beliefs. Believed in predestination, that God had determined in advance who would be saved and who would be damned. The faith of Calvinism emerged from his teachings.

10. English Reformation Rooted in politics, not religion. Henry VIII needed a son. Needed to divorce his first wife Catherine, with whom he had a daughter named Mary. Wanted to marry Anne Boleyn. Pope would not annul his marriage fast enough, so he sought to break with the Catholic Church. Head of highest court in England nullified his marriage and he married Anne Boleyn. Still had a baby girl, who eventually became Queen Elizabeth I. 1534, Act of Supremacy declared the King to be only religious authority in England. Thomas More, a devout Catholic, spoke out against this and was beheaded.

11. English Reformation Church of England, or Anglican Church, was created. Henry dissolved the monasteries and sold their lands. Henry’s doctrines remained close to Catholic teachings. Edward VI, Henry’s nine year old son by his third wife, took over after Henry died in 1547. He carried on with the new church.

12. Henry VIII 1491-1547

13. Henry’s Armor

14. Henry VIII Married six times – 2 wives divorced, 1 died, 2 beheaded, and 1 survived. Had several mistresses and one illegitimate son. Enjoyed jousting. Suffered a serious leg wound in 1536 jousting accident. Was a musician and a composer. Became extremely overweight later in life (waist was 54 inches). Covered with boils, suffered from gout, diabetes, and possibly syphillis.

15. “Bloody Mary” After Edward died at age 16, Mary came to the throne. She wanted to restore Catholicism to England. Burned over 300 Protestants as heretics. Earned nickname “Bloody Mary” Because of her brutality, England became even more Protestant than before. Elizabeth I took over after her death from influenza.

16. Anabaptists Some religious reformers did not want the political leaders to have much power. Some became radicals known as the Anabaptists. Believed in complete separation of church and state. Refused to hold political office or bear arms. Believed in adult baptism (Catholics and Protestants believed in baptizing infants). Followed early practices of Christianity, thought all believers were equal. Any member of the community could be a priest or spiritual leader. Many were persecuted by Catholics and Protestants. Amish and Mennonites are the modern descendants.

17. Persecution of Dirk Willems (Netherlands,1569)

18. John Knox Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination Initially worked in the Church of England under Henry VIII. Studied Calvinism in Geneva. Preached until his death in 1572.

19. Counter Reformation The discontent with the Catholic Church also caused reforms in it. The Society of Jesus is a Roman Catholic Church religious order whose members are called Jesuits, Soldiers of Christ, and Foot soldiers of the Pope, because the founder, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a knight before becoming a priest. The purposes of the sect were education, conversion and stopping the spread of Protestantism.

20. Council of Trent - 1545 Considered one of the Church's most important councils. Convened as a response to the Protestant Reformation by Pope Paul III in order to examine church doctrines. Both faith and good works were declared necessary for salvation. Sacraments and celibacy were upheld. Selling of indulgences was forbidden.