1. Ancient Greece

2. Balkan Peninsula

3. The Geography of Greece Mainland is a peninsula. Trading and fishing Farming – wheat, barley, olives, and grapes Fiercely independent due to being divided by mts and seas

4. The Minoans Island of Crete Earned living by shipbuilding and trade Arthur Evans Knossos Collapsed about 1450 B.C. Theories

5. Palace at Knossos

6. Wall painting from Knossos

7. The First Greek Kingdoms Built by the Mycenaeans who were originally from central Asia Warriors became nobles who ruled the people they conquered.

8. What were Mycenaean Kingdoms like? Fortified palace on a hill --- centerpiece of each kingdom Large farms (estates) belonged to nobles Slaves and farmers lived on the estates

9. Power from Trade and War Copied the ways Minoans –Work with bronze and shipbuilding –Learned how to use sun and stars at sea –Started worshipping Mother Earth (Minoans’ chief goddess) Replaced Minoans as a major power King Agamemnon --- Trojan War

10. What was the Dark Age? 1200 B.C. – earthquakes and fighting among the kingdoms destroyed hilltop forts 1100 B.C. – Mycenaean civilization collapsed. 1100 – 750 B.C. were difficult for Greeks Trade slowed and poverty took hold

11. What was the Dark Age? (Continued) Stopped teaching how to write and craftwork Positive – population shift Dorians Peloponnesus Increase in trade brought new way of writing Greek alphabet

12. English words that came from Greek: English words that came from Greek: geometry, physics, astronomy, star, galaxy, atom, music, melody, chorus, drama, comedy, poet, character, history, metropolis, athlete, and stadium

13. A Move to Colonize Couldn’t grow enough food to feed everyone Colonies traded grains, metals, fish, timber, and enslaved people with the mainland in exchange for pottery, wine, and olive oil 600 B.C. – mint coins No more barter

15. The Polis City-states known as polis Hill Acropolis Agora Varied in size and population Athens – nearly 300,000 people (500 B.C.)

16. The Polis Politics Political Police Policy Each polis had its own gov’t and laws.

17. Ancient Agora with Acropolis on top.

18. Athenian Agora at the foot of the Acropolis

19. Athens

20. What was Greek Citizenship? They ran the city-state. 1 st to develop this idea. Only free native-born men who owned land Women and children might qualify but were limited in their rights. Rights: vote, hold office, own property, and defend themselves in court

21. Citizenship If you were born outside of Greece, then you were not considered a citizen. 2 great city-states: Sparta (strongest army) and Athens (strongest navy)

22. Citizens as Soldiers Hoplites –Took pride in their fighting for their city-state Foot and armed: –Round shield (help to create a protective wall) –Short sword –9 foot spear Rows

23. Review 1.What made the Minoans wealthy? 2.How was a Greek city-state different form a city? 3.What changes occurred in Greece during the Dark Age? 4.Name 3 rights granted to Greek citizens that Americans have today. 5.Why did the use of money help trade grow?

24. Minoans Mycenaeans

25. Minoans Mycenaeans Lived on Crete Built first civilization in Greece Worked in bronze Lived on Greek mainland First Greek kings Built fortified palaces on hills Borrowed ideas from Minoans Earned wealth from trade

26. Sparta and Athens

28. Tyranny in the City-States Nobles seized power from kings Tyrants – take power by force and rules with total authority –Building new marketplaces, temples, and walls Oligarchy – Sparta Democracy - Athens

29. Sparta

30. Sparta Founded by Dorians Instead of setting colonies, they conquered and enslaved their neighbors. Helots Motto: be military strong

31. Why was the Military So Important? Fear of being taken over led to firm control and training for war Unhealthy boys - hill 7 years old live in barracks 20 years – enter regular army 30 years – returned home Girls were trained in sports. Women were freer

32. Boys Trained to steal to survive –If caught, punished severely Slept outside w/o cover Barefoot Spoke only when spoken to Examined every 10 days to ensure not getting fat

33. Sparta’s Government Oligarchy 2 kings headed a council of elders All men over 30 Ephors Discouraged foreign visitors

34. Athens

35. Life in Athens School Citizen at 18 Girls

36. Building Democracy Early Athens – landowning nobles – oligarchy Solon Peisistratus Cleisthenes

37. Cleisthenes All male citizens New powers Council of 500 –Proposed laws –Dealt with foreign countries –Oversaw treasury –Members were chosen by lottery every year. Non-citizens were excluded. Credited with making Athens a democracy

38. Riddle Men in Athens liked to go to fancy dinner parties where they told riddles. “When you look at me, I look at you. When you speak, I open my mouth and move my lips, but you cannot hear me and I cannot see you. What am I?” A Mirror

41. Review 1.Who were the helots? 2.Why did tyrants fall out favor with the Greeks? 3.Why did Athenians choose officials by lottery? Would there be drawbacks to this method? 4.How did the Greek nobles gain power?

42. 5.Why was Solon popular among farmers and unpopular among others? 6.How did Athenian democracy keep one person from gaining too much power? Review

43. Sparta Athens Strongest army Located in Peloponnesus Boys – military at 7yrs Women mixed freely Men – in army till 60 yrs Only aristocrats were citizens Couldn’t own land till retired from army Come home holding shield or on it Strongest navy More democratic Council of 500 1 st Democratic constitution 1 st ruled by kings then nobles Males – 18 yr to be citizen Women not allowed to mix freely with men Bigger population

44. Persia Attacks the Greeks

45. The Persian Wars Both Sparta and Athens played roles in defeating the Persians.

47. The Battle of Marathon 490 B.C. – Persians landed on Marathon 20,000 soldiers – 10,000 Athenian soldiers Athenian victory

48. Statute of Pheidippiedes along Marathon Road

50. Another Persian Strike Darius’ son, Xerxes 480 B.C. – revenge Greece unites

51. Thermopylae Narrow pass through the mts that was easy to defend 7,000 Greek soldiers held them off for 2 days Traitor Persian victory

52. Salamis Strait Greek ships - smaller, faster, and easier to steer Greeks destroyed almost the entire Persian fleet

53. Plataea Greeks crushed the Persian army here. Turning point Saved Greece from invasion

54. Ancient Greek warships --- triremes

55. Scythians Grassland north of the Black Sea Hit-and-run tactics

56. Fall of Persian Empire Greek defeat weakened it. Internal problems Remained intact for 150 more yrs Alexander the Great – 334 B.C.

57. Review 1.Why was Cyrus considered a fair ruler? 2.The Persians wanted revenge against the Greeks. Describe an event in your own life or on the news where revenge was involved. What was the outcome?

58. BattleAction Marathon Thermopylae Salamis Plataea

59. BattleAction Marathon Thermopylae Salamis Plataea Greeks overwhelmed Persians. Greeks were betrayed. Persians won. Greek ships defeated Persians in the strait. Greeks crushed Persians.

60. The Age of Pericles

61. Athenian Empire Under Pericles, Athens became very powerful and more democratic. Delian League –Defend members from Persians –Drive Persia out of Greek territories (Asia Minor) –Freed almost all of Greek cities under Persia’s control Delos

62. Democracy in Athens Direct democracy –Athenian Assembly – passed all laws, elected officials, and made decisions on war and foreign affairs –10 officials (generals) carried out the assembly’s laws and policies. Representative democracy

63. Ancient Athenian Agora

65. The Achievements of Pericles Helped Athens dominate the Delian League Made Athens more democratic Allowed lower-class male citizens to run for office Paid officeholders Culture blossomed Period of tremendous creativity and learning Rebuilt Athens after Persian Wars Supported artists, architects, writers, and philosophers

66. Daily Life in Athens Population –285,000 residents in all –150,000 were citizens –43,000 of the 150,000 were men with political rights –~35,000 were foreigners –~100,000 enslaved people Slavery

67. Athenian Economy Farming –Raised sheep and goats for wool, milk, and cheese –Grew grains, veggies, fruit (local use) –Grew grapes, and olives to make wine and olive oil to sell abroad Imported grain Trading center of the Greek empire (400s B.C.) Merchants

69. Roles of Men and Women Men Worked in morning Exercised or attended mtgs of assembly Evenings: enjoyed all male gatherings Women Life revolved around home and family Married at 14/15yrs –Expected to have children and take care of household duties Poor women Upper-class: stayed home and supervised household chores Rarely went out (except to funerals or festivals) Could not attend school

70. Women Compare to present day as well as early American women An Athenian woman’s childhood ended when she married. The day before the wedding, she took her toys to the Temple of Artemis (goddess of the hunt, protector of women in childbirth). After the wedding, the husband would carry her over the threshold.

72. Aspasia Moved more freely in society Not a native Athenian (gave her special status) Well-educated Taught public speaking to many Athenians Her writings did not survive Plato Pericles often consulted her Became influential in politics even though she could not vote

73. The Peloponnesian War

74. Difference in the Greek city-states Athenian empire – grew richer and powerful Suspicious – other city-states joined with Sparta against Athens. Sparta and Athens – built 2 different kinds of societies (neither understood or trusted the other) War broke out in 431 B.C.

76. Pericles’ Funeral Oration 1 st winter of war – public funeral Pericles’ speech

78. Athens’ Defeat Both – confident Spartan’s ability in open battles 2 nd year – deadly disease Pericles dies. Standoff continues for 25 years Spartan deal with Persians Spartan navy defeats Athens Athens surrenders.

79. Results: Weakened all major Greek city- states Many died in fighting Farms were destroyed. 1000s left jobless Impossible for unity in Greece

80. Aftermath Sparta tried ruling all of Greece for 30 yrs. City-states rebelled Sparta fought Persia Failing to notice that Macedonia (to the North) was growing in power and cost them their freedom

81. Review 1.What caused the Peloponnesian War? 2.According to Pericles, what duties did the Athenian citizens have? 3.What caused the lack of trust between Sparta and Athens? 4.How did the direct democracy of Athens differ from the democracy we have in the United States?

82. Government Economy Culture Wars

83. Government Economy Culture Wars democracy Farming and trade Great creativity, major rebuilding program Peloponnesian War, Athens defeated