1. Muscular System

2. Types of Muscle Skeletal – striated & voluntary Smooth – involuntary Cardiac - heart

4. Muscles and Muscle Fibers Muscles are composed of many fibers that are arranged in bundles called FASCICLES Individual muscles are separated by FASCIA, which also forms tendons and aponeuroses

6. SARCOLEMMA Sarcolemma = muscle fiber membrane Sarcoplasm = inner material surrounding fibers (like cytoplasm) Myofibrils = individual muscle fibers -- > made of myofilaments

7. Myofibril Contains protein filaments – ACTIN (thin) and MYOSIN (thick) These filaments overlap to form dark and light bands on the muscle fiber  A band = dArk thick (myosin)  I band = lIght thIn (actin) In the middle of each I band are Z lines. A sarcomere is the space between one Z line and the other

8. A Portrait of a Myofibril

10. It is important to remember the heirarchy fasicles myofibrils myofilaments actin myosin

11. It is important to remember the heirarchy fasicles myofibrils myofilaments actinmyosin

12. muscleepimysium myofibrilsmyofilament sarcomere muscle fiber

13. muscle epimysium myofibrils sarcomere muscle fiber myofilament

14. Terms to know… 1. Threshold Stimulus 2. All-or-None Response 3. Motor Unit 5. Recruitment 6. Muscle Tone 7. Muscular Hypertrophy 8. Muscular Atrophy 9. Muscle Fatigue 10. Muscle Cramp 11. Oxygen Debt

15. Threshold Stimulus Minimal strength required to cause a contraction Motor neuron releases enough acetylcholine to reach threshold All-or-None Response Fibers do not contract partially, they either do or don't

16. Motor Unit The muscle fiber + the motor neuron Recruitment more and more fibers contract as the intensity of the stimulus increases Muscle Tone Sustained contraction of individual fibers, even when muscle is at rest

17. Hypertrophy - muscles enlarge (working out or certain disorders) Atrophy - muscles become small and weak due to disuse

18. Muscle Fatigue - muscle loses ability to contract after prolonged exercise or strain Muscle Cramp - a sustained involuntary contraction Oxygen Debt - oxygen is used to create ATP, during exercise you may not have enough oxygen - -> this causes Lactic Acid to accumulate in the muscles

19. Origin and Insertion Origin = the immovable end of the muscle Insertion = the movable end of the muscle **when a muscle contracts the insertion is moved toward the origin The biceps brachii has two origins (or two heads).

20. How Muscles Work…

21. Muscle Contraction Six key components –Myosin –Actin –Tropomyosin –Troponin –ATP –Calcium ions The theory of how muscle contracts is the sliding filament theory. The contraction of a muscle occurs as the thin filament slide past the thick filaments.

22. Muscle Contraction – Step 1 The sequence of events leading to contraction is initiated somewhere in the central nervous system, either as voluntary activity from the brain or as reflex activity from the spinal cord.

23. Muscle Contraction – Step 2 A motor neuron in the ventral horn of the spinal cord is activated, and an action potential passes outward in a ventral root of the spinal cord.

24. Muscle Contraction – Step 3 The axon branches to supply a number of muscle fibers called a motor unit, and the action potential is conveyed to a motor end plate on each muscle fiber.

25. Muscle Contraction – Step 4 At the motor end plate, the action potential causes the release of packets of acetylcholine into the synaptic clefts on the surface of the muscle fiber.

26. Muscle Contraction – Step 5 Acetylcholine causes the electrical resting potential under the motor end plate to change, and this then initiates an action potential which passes in both directions along the surface of the muscle fiber.

27. Muscle Contraction – Step 6 At the opening of each transverse tubule onto the muscle fiber surface, the action potential spreads inside the muscle fiber.

28. Muscle Contraction – Step 7 At each point where a transverse tubule touches part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, it causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca ++ ions.

29. Muscle Contraction – Step 8 The calcium ions result in movement of troponin and tropomyosin on their thin filaments, and this enables the myosin molecule heads to “grab and swivel” their way along the thin filament. This is the driving force of muscle contraction.

30. Muscle Contraction – Step 9 Acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction is broken down by acetylcholinesterase, and this terminates the stream of action potentials along the muscle fiber surface.

31. Muscle Contraction – Step 10 The sarcoplasmic reticulum ceases to release calcium ions, and immediately starts to re- sequester all the calcium ions that have been released.

32. Muscle Contraction – Step 11 In the absence of calcium ions, a change in the configuration of troponin and tropomyosin then blocks the action of the myosin molecule heads, and contraction ceases.

33. Muscle Contraction – Step 12 In the living animal, an external stretching force, such as gravity or an antagonistic muscle, pulls the muscle back to its original length.

34. Sliding Filament Handout

35. Action Potentials Initiate Muscle Contractions

36. How Sliding Filaments Cause Muscle Contraction

37. Energy Source for Muscle Contractions Provided by ATP from cellular respiration (mitochondria) Creatine phosphate increases regeneration of ATP Much of the energy forms heat, which keeps our bodies warm

38. ENERGY Fibers contain multiple mitochondria for energy Mitochondria break down glucose to make ATP (energy) through glycolysis Most fibers have multiple nuclei

40. What is rigor mortis? A few hours after a person or animal dies, the joints of the body stiffen and become locked in place. This stiffening is called rigor mortis. Depending on temperature and other conditions, rigor mortis lasts approximately 72 hours. The phenomenon is caused by the skeletal muscles partially contracting. The muscles are unable to relax, so the joints become fixed in place.

41. What is tetanus? Tetanus causes cholinosterase to not break down the acetylcholine in the synapse. This results in a person's muscles contracting and not relaxing. A tetanus shot must be administered shortly after exposure to the bacteria. Once you develop tetanus, there is no cure.

42. And now…a little video for your viewing pleasure…