1. Ancient to Modern India

2. Indian History  Indus River Valley  Fertile river valley  1 st Indian Civilization  Peninsula surrounded by water  Himalayas in the North  Monsoons: seasonal winds: droughts/ flooding  Isolation  Ganges River: Sacred River to Hinduism

4. Indus Valley Cities  Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro  Laid out in a grid; urban planning  Aryan invaders from Central Asia 1750 BC  Vedic Age 1500 BC to 500 BC  Vedas Sacred Writings/ Aryans

5. Mauryan Empire  1st united Indian Empire  Well organized gov’t  Chandragupta 1 st leader  Grandson Asoka turned to Buddhism  Contributions:  Tried to spread Buddhism  Peaceful rule

7. Gupta Empire  Golden Age Contributions (math and science)  Zero and decimal system  Arabic numerals  Medicine small pox vaccinations  Architecture: stupas

8. Hinduism  Terms  Brahman: universal spirit  Reincarnation: rebirth of the soul into a new body  Karma: deeds/actions of a person  Dharma: responsibilities of a person  Ahisma: non violence

9. Hinduism Literature  Provide moral guidelines for living & behavior  Upanishads  The Ramayan  Bhagavad Gita  The Vedas

10. The Caste System  Hindu beliefs of karma and dharma support the caste system  Difficult to change  Social groups/ born into/can’t change during lifetime  Determines marriage, friends, food, occupation, where you live  Discrimination against untouchables

12. Buddhism  Founder: Siddharta Gautama  Buddha the Enlightened one  Ultimate goal is nirvana: release of soul  The Four Noble Truths  All life is suffering  Suffering is caused by desire  Eliminate suffering by eliminating desires  Follow the eightfold path to overcome desires.

13. British Imperialism  British East India Company established trading rights  Differences in language and religion prevented unity against British  Employed Indian soldiers called Sepoys  Demanded sepoys go against religious beliefs (Hindu & Muslims)  Result: Sepoy Rebellion  rid country of foreigners (failed)  Indian National Congress formed: Goal  self determination

14. British Imperialism Results Positives Negatives  Railroads  Telegraph and postal systems  Irrigation systems  New laws  Education  Healthcare  New technology  Parliamentary form of gov’t  Indian resources go to Britain  Cash crops  British made goods replace local goods  Top jobs go to British  Indians are treated as inferiors  Britain tries to replace Indian culture with western ways  Social Darwinism and the White Man’s Burden

15. Indian Nationalism  1 million Indians served in WWI  Promised self- rule; not granted  Result: Amristar Massacre 1919  Riots and attacks led to public meetings banned  British troops killed 400, wounded 1200  British rule must end

16. Gandhi  Hindu leader of the Indian National Congress  Encouraged use of passive resistance, civil disobedience, boycotts & non violence against the British  Favored democracy and nationalism Major Actions:  Salt March  Homespun Movement  Rejected Caste System: Against mistreatment of untouchables and women

17. Major Actions: Salt March  protested against the English Salt Tax.  Led freedom fighters on a march to the sea to make their own salt from sea water instead of buying the expensive English salt with its extra tax.  Result: The English army beat up Gandhi and his followers and threw them in jail when they tried to make their own salt from the sea.  Gandhi and his friends kept coming back and back until the English gave up.

18. 1942 Homespun Movement  He taught Indians to provide for themselves and not depend on the British  The spinning wheel became the symbol of independence

19. Indian Independence  1947: Britain granted independence to India  Jawaharlal Nehru: India’s first prime minister  Democracy  Indira Gandhi (daughter): prime minister, assassinated  Policy of nonalignment during Cold War

20. Hindu Muslim Conflicts  Hindus majority/ Muslims minority  Religious Conflict led to mass violence  (Partitioned) Separated into Indian (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim)  Pakistan separated into West and East (becomes Bangladesh)  Mass migrations led to mass killings  Gandhi tried to bring peace, Hindu fanatic assassinated him

22. Obstacles to Progress Goal Obstacle  Industrial growth  Social equality  Food production  Lack of oil and gas  Attempt to follow socialist model  Hindu Caste system  Less educated women/poor  Rapid population growth  Floods/ droughts/ $$$

23. Social Change  Gandhi wanted to end harsh treatments of untouchables  Indian constitution banned discrimination  Government set aside jobs and places in universities for untouchables  System still a part of Indian society (STRONGER IN RURAL AREAS)

24. The Battle for Kashmir  Northern part of India next to Pakistan  Hindu secular ruler  Majority of people Muslim  War  UN gives a 1/3 to Pakistan 2/3 to India  Both countries continue to fight over Kashmir today

26. Other Nations Pakistan Bangladesh  Benazir Bhutto elected Prime Minister twice  Importance She is a woman  Pakistan is a Islamic State  Very Poor nation per capital income is $360 per year.  Crippling natural disasters destroy crops Sri Lanka Off the southeast coast of India ¾ of the people are Sinhalese, who are Buddhists. 1/5 are Tamils who are Hindus. Tamils want their independence from the Sinhalese