2. Politics and Native American History Reconstructing the Past

3. NAGPRA Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, November 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, November 1990 Reuniting people with their cultural patrimony. Reuniting people with their cultural patrimony. Restitution for past wrongs. Restitution for past wrongs. Impact on scientific study. Impact on scientific study. Argument against scientific view. Argument against scientific view.

4. Kennewick man The saga of Kennewick man offers insights to the full complexity of political, cultural and scientific issues being debated. The saga of Kennewick man offers insights to the full complexity of political, cultural and scientific issues being debated.

6. The discovery 1996. Skeletal remains were found eroding from a river bank during a boat race. 1996. Skeletal remains were found eroding from a river bank during a boat race. The site is on federal property. This brings in the Army Corp of engineers The site is on federal property. This brings in the Army Corp of engineers Local newspaper reports of the find prompted representatives of local Native American groups to contact authorities. Local newspaper reports of the find prompted representatives of local Native American groups to contact authorities.

7. A bone sample was tested in a University of California, Riverside lab. Age determined to be 8400 years old. A bone sample was tested in a University of California, Riverside lab. Age determined to be 8400 years old. Bones are transferred to control of Army Corps of Engineers. Bones are transferred to control of Army Corps of Engineers. Five tribes claim the human remains under NAGPRA Five tribes claim the human remains under NAGPRA

8. Army Corps of engineers agrees to tribal claim and prepares “Notice of Intent to Repatriate” as required by law. Army Corps of engineers agrees to tribal claim and prepares “Notice of Intent to Repatriate” as required by law. Eight anthropologists file suit in US magistrate Court, Portland, Oregon, to prevent repatriation until further study is conducted. Eight anthropologists file suit in US magistrate Court, Portland, Oregon, to prevent repatriation until further study is conducted.

9. Litigation begins Litigation begins 1997, further study is carried out at the discovery site. Site not a burial. 1997, further study is carried out at the discovery site. Site not a burial. 1998 Army Corps stabilizes the discovery site. 1998 Army Corps stabilizes the discovery site. Bones transferred to Burke Museum at University of Washington to be cared for until court decision. Bones transferred to Burke Museum at University of Washington to be cared for until court decision.

10. 1999, A team of federally appointed anthropologists report additional findings based on non-destructive research. (CAT scans and other non-invasive techniques). 1999, A team of federally appointed anthropologists report additional findings based on non-destructive research. (CAT scans and other non-invasive techniques). 1999, despite opposition by tribal groups, additional bone material is subjected to destructive testing to confirm age. Found to be 9300 years old. 1999, despite opposition by tribal groups, additional bone material is subjected to destructive testing to confirm age. Found to be 9300 years old.

11. 2000, Interior Department rules the bones should be turned over to the tribes making claims of the remains as ancestor. 2000, Interior Department rules the bones should be turned over to the tribes making claims of the remains as ancestor. 2002, US Magistrate in Portland issues a ruling blocking the transfer 2002, US Magistrate in Portland issues a ruling blocking the transfer 2002, Four Northwest Tribes claim Kennewick man as ancestor and file NAGPRA suit. 2002, Four Northwest Tribes claim Kennewick man as ancestor and file NAGPRA suit.

12. 2004, Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals denies request for rehearing. 2004, Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals denies request for rehearing. The bones to remain in Burke Museum until all suits are settled. The bones to remain in Burke Museum until all suits are settled. Meanwhile… Meanwhile…

13. Key issues Is Kennewick Man affiliated with any of the modern tribal groups of the Pacific Northwest? Is Kennewick Man affiliated with any of the modern tribal groups of the Pacific Northwest? Should such an ancient skeleton be allowed to be repatriated without careful study? Should such an ancient skeleton be allowed to be repatriated without careful study? A broader issue has do so with the term “federally recognized” tribes. A broader issue has do so with the term “federally recognized” tribes. Can DNA analysis reveal tribal affiliation? (It seems to indicate Asian origin). Can DNA analysis reveal tribal affiliation? (It seems to indicate Asian origin).

14. Is this a case of abusing NAGPRA? Is this a case of abusing NAGPRA? What did it mean that skeletal analysis pointed to a “European or East Asian” ancestry of the remains and not Indian? What did it mean that skeletal analysis pointed to a “European or East Asian” ancestry of the remains and not Indian? Over 9000 years old, what else is he if not Native American? Over 9000 years old, what else is he if not Native American?

15. Cast made from CAT scan data. Point reconstruction to add features.

17. Implications Visit and read: www.physanth.org/positions/kennewick.html

18. Evidence supporting Beringia Theory for human migration to North America Evidence supporting Beringia Theory for human migration to North America Evidence for genetic and physical diversity in early Native Americans Evidence for genetic and physical diversity in early Native Americans Need for definitive test for cultural affiliation Need for definitive test for cultural affiliation Need for closer ties between scientific community and native groups. Need for closer ties between scientific community and native groups. Middle ground for shared values Middle ground for shared values

19. The Peopling of America Beringia Hypothesis Beringia Hypothesis Has strong support. Traditional theory. Evidence limited. Has strong support. Traditional theory. Evidence limited. Coastal Hypothesis Coastal Hypothesis New concept. Gaining support. Evidence likely submerged. New concept. Gaining support. Evidence likely submerged.

20. Prehistoric California Reconstructing the environment. Reconstructing the environment. Diverse ecozones Diverse ecozones Multiple groups—small bands—not the large scale organized Chiefdoms of the East or Midwest. Multiple groups—small bands—not the large scale organized Chiefdoms of the East or Midwest.

21. The documents When reading historic documents, manuscripts and other materials, it is important to remember that certain conventions apply which are peculiar to specific historic periods. When reading historic documents, manuscripts and other materials, it is important to remember that certain conventions apply which are peculiar to specific historic periods. In the present assignment, seek out the critical ethnographic details while being eever aware of the writers “positionality.” In the present assignment, seek out the critical ethnographic details while being eever aware of the writers “positionality.”

22. Document A passage taken from A passage taken from The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake Handout with discussion questions.