1. NATS 101 Intro to Weather and Climate Section 05: 2:00PM TTh ILC 150 Dr. E. Robert Kursinski TAs: Mike Stovern & April Chiriboga Please turn off cell phones

2. Lecture 1-Nats 1012 Who Am I? Asscoiate Professor Department of Atmospheric Science Joint Faculty in Dept. of Planetary Sciences Worked for many years at NASA JPL in So. Cal. Research Specialties Remote Sensing, Water Cycle, Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP), Climate, Planetary atmospheres Ph.D. in Planetary Sciences M.S. in Electrical Engineering B.S. in Physics, Minor in Music Theory

3. Lecture 1-Nats 1013 Vital Statistics Office Hours: Dr. Kursinski by Appointment PAS Bldg, Rm 580 M. Stovern TBD PAS Bldg, Rm 526 and by Appointment –Possible times: A. Chiriboga TBD PAS Bldg, Rm TBD and by Appointment –Possible times: Required Text: Essentials of Meteorology-An Invitation to the Atmosphere, 5th Ed. by C. Donald Ahrens Picture LinkPicture Link Recommended Text: Study Guide for Essentials of Meteorology, 4 th Ed. by C. Donald Ahrens LinkLink Required Material: Interwrite PRS RF clicker.

4. Lecture 1-Nats 1014 Course Description Intro to science of processes weather & climate change: –atmospheric structure and composition, –energy balance, –wind systems, –clouds and precipitation, –weather fronts, cyclones, weather forecasting, –thunderstorms and lightning, –hurricanes, monsoons, –climate and global warming, –ozone hole and air pollution

5. Lecture 1-Nats 1015 Course Description Emphasis will be given to phenomena that have strong impacts on human activities. The fundamental importance of physics, chemistry and mathematics will be noted. Atmospheric Science is a branch of Applied Physics

6. Lecture 1-Nats 1016 Attendance Policy Attendance is mandatory, and will be tallied throughout the term via the clickers. After three unexcused absences prior to week 9, I reserve the right to submit to the Office of Curriculum and Registration an administrative drop from the course and assign a grade in accordance with UA policy. http://catalog.arizona.edu/2009-10/policies/classatten.htm

7. Lecture 1-Nats 1017 Student Behavior UA Code of Academic Integrity, Code of Conduct and Student Code of Conduct are enforced in this course. Every student is responsible for learning these codes and abiding by them. http://deanofstudents.arizona.edu/codeofacademicintegrity Academic integrity videovideo

8. Lecture 1-Nats 1018 Grading Policy Final grade will be based on scores from closed book/closed notes quizzes, a lab and final exam. Quizzes will consist of multiple choice questions and short answer questions. Quizzes will cover new material presented through the end of the previous lecture day. Extra credit questions given on some quizzes. Extra credit impromptu “pop” quizzes given.

9. Lecture 1-Nats 1019 Grading Policy There will be seven quizzes during the term. Dates for the quizzes are listed on the home page. Students who arrive late on quiz days will be not allowed to take the quiz after the first student turns in her/his quiz. No Exceptions The lowest score among the seven quizzes will be excluded from the course grade. Therefore, no make-up quizzes.

10. Lecture 1-Nats 10110 Grading Policy - Lab Each student will do one lab. There will be two labs to choose from, 1.Determine the % of oxygen in the atmosphere 2.Determine the latent heat of melting of ice At any one time, approximately 15% of the students will be doing Lab 1 and another 15% will be doing Lab 2. You will be –given the lab equipment for approximately 2 weeks, –make your measurements, –return the equipment, –receive material on how to analyze your results, –write up your results and turn them in.

11. Lecture 1-Nats 10111 Grading Policy Your lab will be 20% of your grade If your final exam score exceeds the average of your 6 best quizzes, the quizzes will comprise 50% of your term grade and the final 30%. Otherwise, the quizzes will comprise 60% of your term grade and the final 20%. CARROT:CARROT: If your average on the 7 quizzes and your lab is 90% or higher, you will earn an exemption from the final and will receive an "A'' for the course. No Extra Credit Projects. No Exceptions. So Plan Accordingly!

12. Lecture 1-Nats 10112 Final Examination Section 05 (2:00 pm TTh): ILC 120 Thursday Dec. 17, 2:00 pm - 4:00 pm The final will consist of approximately 60 multiple choice questions and short answer questions. A number of questions will be taken verbatim from the old quizzes.

13. Lecture 1-Nats 10113 Course Grading Course Grading Scale A 90% or higher B 80.0-89.99% C 65.0-79.99% D 55.0-64.99% E< 55.0%

14. Lecture 1-Nats 10114 Expectations Every student is expected to: Complete all of the assigned reading before the lecture (unless you hear otherwise). Devote a minimum of 2 hours outside of class studying, reading, etc. for every hour of classroom lecture. Unit Credit DefinitionUnit Credit Definition dismissedAttend class daily, arrive on time, leave when class is dismissed (courtesy to peer students).

15. Lecture 1-Nats 10115 The Golden Rule Instructor and students all show: Mutual Respect!

16. Lecture 1-Nats 10116 Literacy Requirements The writing requirement for this course is primarily the lab There is a science literacy requirement: Use scientific notation for writing numbers (especially rather large or small ones). Specify units of physical quantities (e.g. meters for elevation, etc.). Attempt to quantify physical relationships.

17. Lecture 1-Nats 10117 Announcements Course Homepage…is now functional http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/ Click COURSES Click NATS101 – Kursinski

18. Lecture 1-Nats 10118 Class Format: Lecture Days 2-4 minutes - Interesting weather discussion 2-3 minutes - Review/Summary/Clean-up From Prior Lecture, Optional 60-65 minutes - New Material Lecture, Demos, Discussion 2-3 minutes - Wrap-up and Summary Maybe quick pop quiz

19. Lecture 1-Nats 10119 Class Format: Quiz Days 2-3 minutes - Review/Summary/Clean-up From Prior Lecture, Optional 30 minutes - Lecture 10 minutes - Last Minute Questions Passing Out Quiz Materials 30 minutes - Quiz

20. Lecture 1-Nats 10120 Class LISTSERV nats101s05fall09@listserv.arizona.edu Use for announcements, comments, answering general questions of general interest to the class. kursinski@atmo.arizona.edu is reserved for personal requests not of general interest.kursinski@atmo.arizona.edu To subscribe go to http://listserv.arizona.edu/ and click the link “Subscribe to a list”http://listserv.arizona.edu/ http://listserv.arizona.edu/Subscribe.html Follow straightforward instructions

21. Lecture 1-Nats 10121 LISTSERV subscribe by sending an email to listserv@listserv.arizona.edu with the following as the only line in the body of the message. listserv@listserv.arizona.edu subscribe nats101s5fall09 Firstname Lastname Substitute your first name for Firstname Substitute your last name for Lastname

22. Lecture 1-Nats 10122 Importance of Atmosphere Necessary for a wide spectrum of features Oceans Clouds, Rain, Fresh Water Erosion by Water and Wind Life, Life on Land Blue Skies, Red Sunsets, Twilight Sound

23. Lecture 1-Nats 10123 Importance of Atmosphere Point 1- Offers Protection Consider surface temperatures Without atmosphere? 0 o F global average, large diurnal swings Similar to the Moon’s Climate With atmosphere… 60 o F global average, moderate diurnal (day to night) swings

24. Lecture 1-Nats 10124 Importance of Atmosphere Point 2 - Offers Protection Consider Surface Radiation Shields against harmful UV radiation

25. Lecture 1-Nats 10125 Importance of Atmosphere Consider Survival Time Without Food  few weeks Without Water  few days Without Air  few minutes

26. Lecture 1-Nats 10126 To Understand the Atmosphere Examine its interfaces with land/ocean with space Sun Space Earth Atmosphere 13,000 km Is a very thin skin 99% below 50 km (31 miles) 50% below 5.5 km (3.4 miles) Atmosphere Picture Energy Flow Solar Input = Output to Space

27. Lecture 1-Nats 10127 NASA photo gallery Note “thinness” of atmosphere in light blue

28. Lecture 1-Nats 10128 Example of Ocean-Atmosphere Coupling: El Nino-La Nina

29. Lecture 1-Nats 10129 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2008/ann/ann05.html

30. Lecture 1-Nats 10130

31. Lecture 1-Nats 10131 Local Weather and Climate: The North American Monsoon Tucson gets half of its rainfall during the summer Sonora, Mexico gets most of its rainfall during the summer During summer, high pressure sets up to the east/northeast of Arizona which brings moisture in from the south 2009 monsoon has been poor with below avg rainfall For a monsoon overview and daily forecast, see: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/twc/monsoon/monsoon.php 11:15 daily monsoon discussions http://madweather.blogspot.com/

32. Lecture 1-Nats 10132 July minus June Rainfall Douglas et al (1993)

33. Lecture 1-Nats 10133 Monsoon moisture

34. Lecture 1-Nats 10134 Local: 2006 Monsoon Rainfall Record water flow through the Sabino and Rillito Creeks on July 31, 2006 Rillito flow higher than Colorado river! See http://fpnew.ccit.arizona.edu/kkh/rillito.flood.jul.06.htmhttp://fpnew.ccit.arizona.edu/kkh/rillito.flood.jul.06.htm

35. Lecture 1-Nats 10135 July 2009 set temperature records in Tucson http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/twc/climate/repor ts.php

36. Lecture 1-Nats 10136 Course Building Blocks Intro  1 st week or so Energy  ~2 weeks Moisture  ~2 weeks Dynamics  ~3 weeks Above are interdependent Specific Topics  ~6 weeks

37. Lecture 1-Nats 10137 Atmospheric Composition Permanent Gases N 2 and O 2 are most abundant gases Percentages hold constant up to 80 km Ar, Ne, He, and Xe are chemically inert N 2 and O 2 are chemically active, removed & returned Ahrens, Table 1.1, 4 th Ed.

38. Lecture 1-Nats 10138 N 2 Boiling point: 77 °K or -196°C or –320 °F O 2 Boiling point: 90 °K or -183 °C or -297 °F N 2 and O 2 Balance between input (production) and output (destruction): Input:plant/animal decaying Output: soil bacteria; oceanic plankton-->nutrients Input:plant photosynthesis Output: organic matter decay chemical combination (oxidation) breathing

39. Lecture 1-Nats 10139 Atmospheric Composition Important Trace Gases Ahrens, Table 1.1, 3 rd ed. Which of these is now wrong even in the 5th edition of Ahrens?

40. Lecture 1-Nats 10140 Sources vegetative decay volcanic eruptions animal exhalation combustion of fossil fuels (CH 4 + 2 O 2 > 2 H 2 O + CO 2 ) Sinks photosynthesis (oxygen production) dissolves in water phytoplankton absorption (limestone formation) Carbon Dioxide CO 2

41. Lecture 1-Nats 10141 CO 2 Trend CO 2 increases in northern spring, decreases in northern fall See http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/globalchange/keeling_curve/01.html “Keeling Curve” Some gases vary by season and over many years. The CO2 trend is the cause for concern about global warming.

42. Lecture 1-Nats 10142 H 2 O Vapor Variability Precipitable Water (mm) Some gases can vary spatially and daily

43. Lecture 1-Nats 10143 Aerosols 1 cm 3 of air can contain as many as 200,000 non-gaseous particles. –dust –dirt (soil) –ocean spray –volcanic ash –water –pollen –pollutants

44. Lecture 1-Nats 10144 Aerosols - Volcanic Ash Fig. 1-4, p.6

45. Lecture 1-Nats 10145 Aerosols - Dust Particles Dust Storm on Interstate 10, between Phoenix and Tucson, AZ.

46. Lecture 1-Nats 10146 Aerosols Provide condensation nuclei for water vapor. Provide a surface area or catalyst needed for much atmospheric chemistry. Aerosols can deplete stratospheric ozone. They can also cool the planet by reflecting sunlight back to space.

47. Lecture 1-Nats 10147 Reading Assignment Ahrens Pages 1-22; 435-437 (Appendix A: Units etc.), 441-442 (Appendix C: Weather chart symbols) Problems 1.2, 1.3, 1.10, 1.14, 1.18, 1.19, 1.21, 1.22 (1.17  Chapter 1, Question 17) Don’t Forget your clickers National Hurricane Center