1. The Transformation of the West 1450 - 1750 Chapter 16

2. A New Era 1450-1750 = Early Modern Period Science important More secular, less religious Nation-states begin to evolve Sequence of developments: 1. Renaissance 2. Protestant Reformation 3. absolute monarchy 4. Enlightenment

3. Renaissance Challenged medieval values & styles Largely an artistic movement Began in Italy New ideas of political organization More commercialized economy 2 phases: southern & northern 15 th century Italians in the Renaissance: Michelangelo Leonardo da Vinci Raphael Donatello Niccolo Machiavelli: THE PRINCE

4. Da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael

5. Humanism & Change Humanism: focus on humanity as center of intellectual & artistic endeavors Northern humanists focused more on religion than southern (Italian) humanists Merchants improved banking techniques Became more capitalist Experimented with new political forms & functions Exchange of ambassadors & diplomacy between city-states

6. New Tools, Practices Gutenberg invented movable type (in the west) German “Gutenberg Bibles” Spread ideas of the Reformation and scientific discovery Agriculture: New technology Better stock-breeding methods Higher production Rapidly growing population

7. European Population Density, c. 1600

8. Family Nuclear families Late marriage ages Age of marriage determined by access to real property By 1500s, most Europeans married at age 28-29 Freer movement, greater interaction for young children came from ideas of the Enlightenment

9. Protestant Reformation Martin Luther, German priest Protested sale of indulgences Salvation through faith Bibles in local languages necessary Against required celibacy Support by German princes increased independence from control by the emperor Could control local churches Could seize church lands Common people supported Lutheranism Sanctioned money- making (Catholicism did not)

10. New Protestant Churches Henry VIII – English monarch Established Anglican church Religious/political turmoil for/by his children Created new colonies in the Americas for religious freedom Jean (John) Calvin – predestination Wanted participation of all believers in church administration = wider access to government

11. Western Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation

12. Aftermath of Reformation Catholic Reformation Jesuits = new religious order Edict of Nantes = France 1598 Granted tolerance to Protestants Helped end French civil wars of religion Wars helped gain acceptance of the idea of religious pluralism

13. War Thirty Years War Reduced German power & prosperity & population Political independence in the Protestant Netherlands Territorial toleration established Spain lost power after religious wars

14. Commercial Revolution More imports of American bullion Formation of great trading companies Growing manufacturing, especially household production of textiles & metal products (by rural workers, besides farming) Higher prices/inflation New goods on the market Average western peasant or artisan owned about 5 times more “things” than easterners Produced a group without access to producing property: proletariat

15. Science Copernicus: used observation & calculation to determine order of the universe, different from Hellenistic theory Harvey: circular movement of blood Isaac Newton: Principia Mathematica Deists: possibility of god, but set natural laws in motion & left it

16. Rulers, Government Absolute monarchy: Had a pro army Stopped parliamentary governments; used councils for advice Growing bureaucracy Constant warfare among monarchs Louis XIV of France Also in Prussia Britain did not follow absolute monarchy (though king had power through divine right) & kept Parliament Frederick the Great of Prussia: enlightened despotism

17. Europe under Absolute Monarchy, 1715

18. Merchantilism Mercantilism: government should promote the internal economy to improve tax revenues & should limit imports

19. New Ideas in the 18 th Century Enlightenment: new intellectual movement of 18 th century Caused by Scientific Revolution (caused by Renaissance) Focus on improvements in material, social life Religious toleration Humans are naturally good, could be better Humans behave by natural laws, based on reason Humans do not respond to control Adam Smith: advocated that governments should avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces