1. 35 Natural Products

2. Natural Products These are organic compounds found in nature. Examples Penicillin ( Penicillium fungus) – used as an antibiotic Quinine ( Found in a tree bark) – used as antimalarial medicine Chemists can find the molecular structures of these molecules and make them in a lab!

3. natural products

4. Clove Tree The tree produces abundant clusters of small red flower buds that are gathered before opening and are dried to produce the dark- brown, nail-shaped spice clove.

5. Clove oil is a natural product found in Cloves Clove oil – used in perfumes and is an anaesthetic used by Dentists. Also used for flavouring and seasoning! The main constituent of the oil is Eugenol

6. How to extract Clove oil from Cloves

7. Cloves would have to be heated to a very high temperature to make the oil reach boiling point, and this would cause destruction of the molecules present

8. The Principle behind Steam distillation When two immiscible liquids are heated together the mixture boils at a temperature lower than the boiling point of either liquid Heating: clove oil + water = both boil at a lower temperature than normal clove oil can vaporise without the molecules being destructed by the heat usually required to do this.

9. Steam distillation of Clove oil The water and clove oil both vaporise at a lower temperature than usual and then condense and are collected in a seperating funnel

10. The safety outlet allows the steam to have an escape route in case of a blockage

11. The clove oil is still mixed in with the water and water cannot be boiled to remove it!!!!

12. Solvent extracttion technique 1.Clove oil ( non polar ) does not dissolve in water ( polar) 2.It will dissolve in cyclohexane ( non polar) 3.The layers can easily be seperated. 4.The cyclohexane will evaporate away over night and clove oil will remain

13. Clove oil It is harmful so do not allow it to touch your skin!!

15. Extra infr on vapour pressure (2) Explain the principles by which steam distillation works. Some organic compounds are immiscible with water. ( low vapour pressure) Usually these compounds have a low vapour pressure ( high boiling points – due to high MW, EVEN IF THEY ARE NON POLAR). After mixing them with water, however, the mixture will distil when the sum of the two vapour pressures reaches atmospheric pressure. It follows, then, that this must happen below the boiling point of water.