1. Apparent Temperature Heat Index DP must be > 65 Multiple equations for calculation Regression equations with an error range of ~ +/- 1°F Steadman 1979 – Assessment of Sultriness

2. Components of the heat index

3. Components continued A longer version

4. Heat Index Chart Temp vs Dewpoint Temp DP Direct sunlight can substantially increase heat index values by 15°F or more depending on surface cover http://www.weatherimages.org/data/heatindex.html

5. Thermal Comfort Fanger 1970 and revised by numerous others M = metabolic heat production, R = radiative exchanges, C= convective heat loss, K= conductive loss, E = evaporative loss Ramanathan skin temperature

6. Heat Mitigation Green roofs Solar absorbent material Cool roof coating materials Insulation programs Urban Planning Green streets with increased shade Canopies over large paved surfaces Construction built into landscape

7. Wind Chill NWS corrected formula in 2001