1. 1550-1850

2. How much power should the government have? After the Reformation, the Church lost power and the monarchs around Europe gained power The Age of Exploration lead to great increases in wealth Monarchs ruled with absolute power

4. The Scientific Revolution (1500s & 1600s) changed the way people looked at the world By 1700s, European thinkers thought nothing was beyond reach of the human mind Natural law governed science, why not use it to understand social, economic, & political problems? Natural Law: rules discoverable by reason

5. Rights that belonged to all humans from birth John Locke: English thinker, thought people were basically reasonable & moral Thought they had natural rights

6. England experienced a Glorious Revolution Went from an absolute monarchy to a limited monarchy John Locke proposed that the government had an obligation to the people If a government fails or violates natural rights, then the people have the right to overthrow the government John Locke proposed that the government had an obligation to the people If a government fails or violates natural rights, then the people have the right to overthrow the government

7. Enlightenment ideas spread through Europe & around the world Spread through many levels of society Heart of the Enlightenment By late 1700s, ideas of equality & social justice spread to peasant villages…

8. Location In a position to control trade Put few restrictions on trade Favored business & commerce On winning side of European conflicts Monopolized slave trade

11. Colonies were part of British Empire Sugar Act, 1764 Import taxes Stamp Act, 1765 Taxes on newspapers & pamphlets No taxation without representation

12. Boston Massacre, 1770 British soldiers fired on crowd throwing stones & snowballs 5 killed Boston Tea Party, 1773 Protested a tax on tea British passed laws to punish them Other colonies rallied against British response

13. Representatives from each colony met in Philadelphia, Continental Congress (1774)

14. April 1775, tensions exploded into war Organized Continental Army Many battles ended in British victory, but colonists were determined

15. Turning point in the war Colonist victory Convinced France to support the revolution Colonists got much needed supplies Eventually Netherlands & Spain added support too

16. 1781, French blockaded Chesapeake Bay Enabled Washington to force surrender of a British Army at Yorktown, Virginia 1783, Americans, British, & French Signed Treaty of Paris Ended the war

17. 1789, France still had outdated social system Estates Wealth Power ???

18. What is the Third Estate? Everything What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing What does it want to be? Something

19. Economic crisis Government spent more money than it brought in Estates-General: legislative body, representatives from the 3 estates 1789, Estates-General summoned First time in 175 years Lead to creation of the National Assembly Revolutionary assembly made up of the third estate

20. 1789 Economic struggles, Famine, Fear Peasants revolted National Assembly met Ended nobles’ privileges Abolished Feudalism National Assembly put the Church under state control 1791, Constitution Set up limited monarchy

21. September 1793 – July 1794 “Hail the Republic!” “Death to the Traitors!” 300,000 arrested 17,000 executed Chaos People turned to military hero…

22. Military hero – Political leader 1799-1815 1804, crowns himself emperor Military successes Hid his defeats

23. Military hero – Political leader 1799-1815 1804, crowns himself emperor Military successes Hid his defeats

24. Only Britain remained outside of Napoleon’s control

25. Some French eventually turned against him Foreign resistance Russia Scorched-earth policy 600,000 entered, less than 20,000 survived “General Famine & General Winter, rather than Russian bullets, have conquered the Grand Army.”

26. 1815, defeated at Waterloo, Belgium British & Prussian army crushed the French Exile until death in 1921

27. For thousands of years of civilization, most people lived and worked in small farming villages Hand made tools, simples lives By 1850, many country villages would grow into industrial towns & cities A period when rural societies in Europe & America became urban/industrial Farming, migration, population, energy (coal/steam engine), cotton gin (separated seeds from raw cotton) Steam engine lead to…

29. Britain lead the way First factories were textile industries

30. Working class