1. Operational Theory of Compression Small Engines Ag. 221

2. Objectives Identify basic terms and definitions associated with compression List individual engine parts related to compression Describe, compare and contrast compression ratios Calculate engine displacement Test engine compression

3. Four Strokes

4. Compression Parts Cylinder

5. PistonRingsPistonRings Compression Ring Scraper ring Piston oil ring

6. Compression Parts Valve stem Valve face

7. Compression Parts Valve seats Valve guides Cylinder head

8. Compression Parts Spark plug Head gasket

9. Temperature Multi cylinder engines are liquid cooled and temperature remains constant

10. Temperature Single cylinder engines are air cooled Cooling Fins Blower Housing Flywheel

11. Operating Temperature is affected by: ambient temperature Temperature of the surroundings Temperature of the surroundings If it’s a hot day, mowers run hotter If it’s a hot day, mowers run hotter

12. Operating Temperature is affected by: operating speed Engines operating at high speed build up high amounts of heat Engines operating at high speed build up high amounts of heat

13. Operating Temperature is affected by: load put on the engine If the engine is running hard under load, cooling cannot always keep up If the engine is running hard under load, cooling cannot always keep up

14. Tolerances and Clearances Tolerances are when you torque (tighten) a bolt to a certain measurement, allowing for function when the metal expands. If space is not allowed, excess friction will cause overheating or worse!!

15. Clearance is the distance by which one object avoids hitting another

16. Tolerances/Clearances Tolerances and clearances must compensate for the entire range of temperatures What happens to metal when it gets hot? What happens to metal when it gets hot? What is the result if connecting rod/rod journal clearance is not accurate? What is the result if connecting rod/rod journal clearance is not accurate?

17. Compression Test Briggs and Stratton does not have compression measurements for single cylinder engines Why? Why? Simple compression test: Spin the flywheel backwards quickly Spin the flywheel backwards quickly If the flywheel rebounds on the compression stroke, the engine has enough compression If the flywheel rebounds on the compression stroke, the engine has enough compression

18. Valves Most important factor in compression; Valves must seal to maintain compression Valves operate under the most severe conditions within an engine, especially the exhaust valve

19. Valves Exhaust valve is exposed to temperatures that may reach 1200° F. (red hot) Exhaust valve is made of specialized steel in order to withstand the corrosive action and high temperature of exhaust gases Exhaust valve is made of specialized steel in order to withstand the corrosive action and high temperature of exhaust gases

20. Valves Valves in an engine operating at 3000 rpms (revolutions per minute) will open and close in 1/50 of a second

21. Valves Intake valve is cooled by the incoming air/fuel mixture

22. Valves Cylinder head and piston are exposed to the same heat Cylinder head is cooled by air from the flywheel fan across the cooling fins Cylinder head is cooled by air from the flywheel fan across the cooling fins Piston is cooled by oil in the crank case Piston is cooled by oil in the crank case

23. Valve Failure How does valve failure in a V-8 compare to valve failure in a single cylinder engine? Single – loss of horsepower or a cessation of function (it stops running all together!!!) Multi – fractional reduction in horsepower

24. Displacement The volume that is displaced by the piston The longer the stroke and the greater the bore (diameter of the cylinder) the greater the displacement Displacement indicates the relative size of the engine; horsepower is directly proportional to displacement Displacement is calculated by: displacement = (bore diameter 2 /4) X ¶ X stroke length

26. Compression Ratio Compression ratio gives an efficiency measurement (higher compression = higher efficiency) A compression ratio of 8:1 Volume in cylinder is 8 times larger when the piston is at the bottom than when it is at the top Volume in cylinder is 8 times larger when the piston is at the bottom than when it is at the top Briggs and Stratton engines operate at a compression ratio of 5-6:1..

28. High Octane Fuel Higher compression requires higher octane Premium fuels are more difficult to ignite therefore higher compression is necessary High octane fuels used in lower compression engines will not have enough compression to burn all the fuel Briggs motors are ran on low octane fuel

29. Knocking Low octane fuel used in high compression engines Compression ignites the fuel and starts the piston down prior to spark plug spark When spark occurs, any remaining fuel in the cylinder is ignited causing a knocking sound