1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon University of Alabama, Birmingham C H A P T E R Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Part 1 18 Blood

2. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Circulation Powered by the pumping action of the heart Functions of blood Carries respiratory gases nutrients hormones Helps body regulate temperature Blood volume Males: 5–6 liters Females: 4–5 liters

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Composition of Blood Contains cellular and liquid components A specialized connective tissue Blood cells—formed elements Plasma—fluid portion and fibrinogen Hematocrit—measure of % RBC Males: 47% ± 5% Females: 42% ± 5%

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Major Components of Whole Blood Figure 18.1 Withdraw blood and place in tube. Plasma 55% of whole blood Least dense component Buffy coat Leukocytes and platelets <1% of whole blood Erythrocytes 45% of whole blood Most dense component Centrifuge the blood sample. Formed elements 1 2

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Plasma Straw-colored, sticky fluid portion of blood Approximately 90% water Contains over 100 kinds of molecules Ions—Na + and Cl – Nutrients—Sugars, amino acids, lipids, wastes, and proteins Three main proteins Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.2b Erythrocytes LymphocyteNeutrophils (b) Photomicrograph of a human blood smear, Wright’s stain (715  ) PlateletsMonocyte

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Erythrocytes Oxygen-transporting cells—7.5 µm in diameter (diameter of capillary 8—10mm) Most numerous of the formed elements Females: 4.3–5.2 million cells/cubic millimeter Males: 5.2–5.8 million cells/cubic millimeter Have no organelles or nuclei Are the ideal measuring tool for estimating sizes of nearby structures

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Erythrocytes Are packed with oxygen-carrying hemoglobin Hemoglobin molecule bears four oxygen molecules Each O 2 molecule bears an iron molecule Oxidation of iron atoms of hemoglobin molecules Gives blood its red color

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. An Erythrocyte Figure 18.3

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Leukocytes—White Blood Cells (WBCs) 4800–11,000/cubic millimeter Protect the body from infectious microorganisms Function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue Diapedesis—circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries Originate in bone marrow

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Leukocytes—White Blood Cells (WBCs) Two types of leukocytes Granulocytes Agranulocytes Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Relative Percentages of the Different Types of Leukocytes Figure 18.5 Formed elements Platelets Leukocytes Erythrocytes Differential WBC count (All total 4800– 10,800/  l) Neutrophils (50–70%) Lymphocytes (25–45%) Eosinophils (2–4%) Basophils (0.5–1%) Monocytes (3–8%) Agranulocytes Granulocytes

13. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Granulocytes Neutrophils—most numerous WBC Phagocytize and destroy bacteria Nucleus—has two to six lobes Granules pick up acidic and basic stains Figure 18.4a

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Eosinophils—compose 1–4% of all WBCs Play roles in Ending allergic reactions, parasitic infections Figure 18.4b Granulocytes

15. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Granulocytes Basophils—about 0.5% of all leukocytes Nucleus—usually two lobes Granules secrete histamines Function in inflammation mediation Similar in function to mast cells Figure 18.4c

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Agranulocytes Lymphocytes—compose 20–45% of WBCs The most important cells of the immune system Nucleus—stains dark purple Effective in fighting infectious organisms Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen) Figure 18.4d

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Agranulocytes Two main classes of lymphocyte T cells—attack foreign cells directly B cells—multiply to become plasma cells Secrete antibodies

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Agranulocytes Monocytes—compose 4–8% of WBCs The largest leukocytes Nucleus—kidney shaped Transform into macrophages Phagocytic cells Figure 18.4e

19. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Platelets Cell fragments Break off from megakaryocytes Function in clotting of blood

20. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary of Formed Elements Table 18.1

21. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis Hematopoiesis—process by which blood cells are formed in red marrow 100 billion new blood cells formed each day Bone marrow—located within all bones Red marrow—actively generates new blood cells Contains immature erythrocytes In adults, red marrow is located Between trabeculae of spongy bone of axial skeleton Girdles Proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

22. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Red Bone Marrow (b) Micrograph of red bone marrow (170  ) Blood sinusoids Fat cells Immature blood cells (a) Location of red bone marrow in spongy bone Spongy bone (c) Blood-forming cells in reticular connective tissue around the sinusoids (640  ) Erythrocytes in sinusoids Reticular cell and fiber Reticular fibers of fiber network Immature blood cells outside sinusoids Figure 18.7

23. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation All blood cells originate in bone marrow All originate from one cell type Blood stem cell (pluripotential hematopoeitic stem cell) Lymphoid stem cells Give rise to lymphocytes Myeloid stem cells Give rise to all other blood cells

24. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Stages of Differentiation of Blood Cells Figure 18.8 Promyelocytes Early erythroblast Eosinophilic myelocyte Neutrophilic myelocyte Basophilic myelocyte Neutrophilic band cell EosinophilNeutrophil Granular leukocytes BasophilMonocyte Wandering macrophage Eosinophilic meta- myelocyte Neutrophilic meta- myelocyte Basophilic meta- myelocyte Promonocyte Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte PlateletsB lymphocyteT lymphocyte MyeloblastsProerythroblast MonoblastMegakaryoblast Myeloid stem cell Lymphoid stem cell Late erythroblast Normocyte Reticulocyte Erythrocyte Blood stem cell