2. Click on a lesson name to select. Cellular Structure and Function Section 1: Cell Discovery and Theory Section 2: The Plasma Membrane Section 3: Structures and Organelles Section 4: Cellular Transport

3. History of Cell Theory Pre-microscopic era: –People believed that diseases were caused by supernatural powers. –This was because they had no idea bacteria or viruses existed Section 1

4. Invention and Development of light microscopy Anton van Leeuwenhoek –Invented the 1 st simple microscope Simple Microscope: –Contained a single lens & used light to illuminate the objects Grg.org Section 1

5. Cellular Structure and Function Light Microscopes  Utilizes a series of glass lenses and visible light to magnify an image  Magnifies images up to 1,000 times the actual size Cell Discovery and Theory Wikipedia.org Section 1

6. Cell Discovery and Theory Robert Hooke 1665 –Used a homemade cpd. Microscope to look at cork cells from and oak tree –He coined the term “cell” because the cork cells reminded him of the rooms that monks lived in at the monastery Section 1

7. Cell Discovery and Theory Schleiden & Schwann –Both German scientists –Schleiden Studied plants and determined that they were made of cells –Schwann Studied animals and determined that they were made of cells Section 1

8. The Cell Theory  All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cell Discovery and Theory Cellular Structure and Function  The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms. Section 1  All cells come from preexisting cells.

9. Electron Microscopes 1930’s&40’s Cellular Structure and Function  Utilizes magnets to aim a beam of electrons at a cell to produce an image  Magnifies images up to 500,000 times the actual size Cell Discovery and Theory MedicalRF.com/Getty Images Section 1  Specimen must be placed in a vacuum so only dead cells can be used

10. Electron Microscope continued….. 3 Types: –S.E.M Scanning Electron Microscope scans the surfaces of cells –T.E.M Transmission Electron Microscope looks inside the cell –S.T.M Scanning Tunneling Microscope makes computer images of atoms on the surface of molecules Section 1

11. Prokaryotic Cell  Simple structure  Most are unicellular  Lack a true nucleus  Ex: bacteria Cellular Structure and Function Cell Discovery and Theory Section 1

12. Prokaryotic Cell continued…  Contains a plasma membrane  Does NOT contain membrane-bound organelles  Concentrated region containing DNA/RNA is called the nucleoid  Most metabolism takes place in the cytoplasm Section 1

13. Eukaryotic Cell  More complex structure  Can be either multi or single celled  Contains a nucleus -Largest organelle -Command Center of the cell -DNA/RNA Cellular Structure and Function Cell Discovery and Theory The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Section 1

14. Eukaryotic Cell continued…  Contains membrane-bound organelles –Each separate organelle carries out a specialized function  Contains a plasma membrane  Ex: animal, plant, fungi, protist cells Section 1

15. Section 2-3 Cellular Structure and function Section 2

16. Cellular Structure and Function Animal Cell Plant Cell Plant and Animal Cell Structures Structures and Organelles Section 3

17. Plasma Membrane  Thin, flexible boundary between the cell and its environment  Found in both plant and animal cells The Plasma Membrane Cellular Structure and Function Section 2

18. Selective Permeability Cellular Structure and Function  Controls the amount of a substance entering the cell (nutrients)  Controls the amount of a substance leaving the cell (waste)  2 ways in and out: 1.Directly through tiny pores 2.Protein passageways The Plasma Membrane Section 2

19.  The plasma membrane is composed of the phospholipid bilayer. Cellular Structure and Function  Hydrophilic head  Hydrophobic tail The Plasma Membrane Section 2

20. Cellular Structure and Function Section 2

21. Cell Wall  Another external membrane outside of the plasma membrane  Is NOT found in animal cells  Thicker and not as flexible as P.M. Section 2 Micro.magnet.fsu.edu

22. Cell Wall  Cell walls provide the cells w/ structure and support.  Plants-cellulose  Fungi-chitin  Bacteria-peptidoglycan Section 2

23. Organelles that control cellular functions (little organ)  Nucleus- largest organelle. Called cell manager or command center of cell. -Nuclear envelope: outer 4 layers of the nucleus. Contains pores so materials can pass b/w nucleus and cytoplasm -DNA: (Deoxy ribonucleic acid) found inside of the nucleus & is the master protein prod. -Chromatin: long strands of DNA that form chromosomes during mitosis & meiosis ( Cell reproduction) -Nucleolus & Ribosomes: nucleolus sm/dense region inside nucleus and produces ribosomes. Ribosomes assemble proteins. Section 2

25. Assembly, Transport & Storage  Cytoplasm- jelly-like fluid inside the cell. Surrounds all organelles. Most assembly & storage of proteins occurs here.  Endoplasmic Reticulum- series of highly folded membranes. Synthesizes lipids and acts as a transportation system b/w the nucleus & cytoplasm  2 types: Smooth no ribosomes Rough has ribosomes for protein synth. *Ribosomes synth. Proteins. Found in 3 places: nucleus, cytoplasm and ER Section 3

26. Structures for Storage  3 Main Places for Storage: 1.Golgi Apparatus 2.Vacuoles 3.Lysosomes Section 3

27. Golgi Apparatus  Series of closely stacked, flattened membranes  Function: it receives the newly made proteins & lipids. G.A. may modify these, it then sorts & packages them to be distributed to the P.M. or other organelles  Proteins get pinched off & enclosed in packages called vesicles, then mod. & shipped to their final destination. Section 3

28. Vacuoles  Used for temporary storage of:  Food  Enzymes  Waste products  Excess H 2 O  Any other materials needed by the cell *Plants have 1 large vacuole Section 3

29. Lysosomes  “suicide sacs”  Function: contain enzymes to digest excess or worn out cell parts, food particles, or invading viruses & bacteria *Enzymes do not digest the cell’s proteins because of a protective membrane. Section 3

30.  What relationship do lysosomes sometimes share w/ vacuoles?  When might a lysosome digest the the cell that contains it? Section 3 Lysosomes cont.… Lysosome will sometimes fuse w/ a vacuole to dispense its enzymes into the vacuole to digest the vacuole's contents. Ex. Lysosomes will digest the tail of a tadpole. The digested parts can then be used to form the legs.

31. Energy Transformers Mitochondria- plants and animals Chloroplast- plants Section 3

32. Mitochondria  Structure: this is an organelle made of 2 layers. The inner layer is ly folded  Function: break down food molecules to release E & produce E storing molecules called ATP Section 3

33. Chloroplasts  Plasmid-group of plant organelles used for storage of pigments, lipids, or starches  Structure: has a double outer membrane & an inner membrane arranged in stacks of thylakoids called grana  Function: trap E from the sun for photosynthesis Section 3

34. Structures for support and Locomotion  Cytoskeleton  Cilia & Flagella Section 3

35. Cytoskeleton  Support system of cell. Composed of tiny rods & filaments  Rods & filaments would be analogous to our bones  Structure: 1. tiny hollow rods- microtubules 2. tiny solid filaments- microfilaments  Function: supports the cell and give it shape. Section 3

36. Cilia  Short, numerous projections that look like hairs  Many/cell  Beat like the stadium “wave” Cellular Structure and Function Flagella  Longer hair-like and less numerous than cilia (1-2 / cell)  Create movement with a whiplike motion Structures and Organelles Section 3

37. Cellular Structure and Function Structures and Organelles Section 3

38. Cellular Structure and Function Structures and Organelles Section 3

39. Cellular Organization  Cell are the basic unit of organization of an organism  Single celled organism= unicellular  Ex. Bacteria, amoeba, protists  Many celled organism= multicellular  Ex. plants and animals Section 3

40.  Tissue: group of cells that have similar function  Ex. Muscle tissue, nervous tissue  Cell junctions: sites where cells in a tissue are linked together 3 Functions: 1. cell to cell communication 2. anchor the cells together 3. maintain diff. in the internal envir. of adjacent cells Cellular Organization Section 3

41.  Organ: group of 2 or more tissues that preform a particular function.  Ex. Heart, lungs, brain  Organ system: group of two or more organs working together to carry out a major life process  Digestive system, circulatory system.  Organism: all organ systems together make up an organism- single living thing Cellular Organization Section 3