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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Chapter 10: Inference Breaking Through: College Reading, 7/e Brenda Smith
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Inference An inference is a meaning that is not directly stated but can be deduced from clues.
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Recognizing Suggested Meaning The suggestion carries the meaning. Example: In the shallows, face downward, lay the oiler. His forehead touched sand that was periodically, between each wave, clear of the sea. ”The Open Boat” by Stephen Crane Assumption: He is dead.
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Connecting with Prior Knowledge Inferences require linking old knowledge to new. Clues may draw on assumed knowledge of: history current issues social concerns
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Recognizing Slanted Language Denotation dictionary definition of a word Connotation the feeling or emotion surrounding a word Example: -run down -deteriorated -neglected
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Drawing Conclusions facts hints clues prior knowledge Assumptions Conclusions
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Reading and Studying an Essay or Speech What is the theme? How do the details develop the theme? What is the author’s attitude? What images contribute to the theme? What is the conclusion?
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Interpreting Literary Devices: Figurative Language Simile: Spot ran like the wind.
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Simile A comparison using the words like or as. Examples: The girl plays soccer like a tiger. The overcooked bread was as hard as the table.
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Interpreting Literary Devices: Figurative Language Metaphor: Grandpa had a head of snow and a warm heart.
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Metaphor A metaphor is a directly stated comparison. Examples: The soccer player was a tiger. The storm was the thief of the enchanting summer night.
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Personification An inanimate object is given human characteristics. Examples: The wind sang through the trees. Her skin crawled when the music played. The sun kissed the flowers in the meadow.
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Irony Saying one thing but meaning another to show humor, sarcasm, and ridicule. Example: “You’re a great shot,” used to ridicule a basketball player who scored only once in 17 tries.
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Reading Editorials What event prompted the editorial? What is the opinion being promoted? Do the details prove the thesis? Is the author liberal or conservative? What is left out? Are the sources and facts credible?
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Summary Questions What is an inference? Why are jokes funny? What is the effect of slanted language? What are conclusions?
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© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers. Visit the Companion Website http://www.ablongman.com/smith
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