1. Lecture 2

2. Finite Difference (FD) Methods Conservation Law: 1D Linear Differential Equation:

3. FD Methods One-sided backward Leapfrog One-sided forward Lax-Wendroff Lax-Friedrichs Beam-Warming

4. One-sided backward Difference equation: i i+1 i-1 j-1 jj+1 time stepping

5. One-sided forward Difference equation: i i+1 i-1 j-1 jj+1 time stepping

6. Lax-Friedrichs Difference equation:

7. Leapfrog Difference equation:

8. Lax-Wendroff Difference equation:

9. Beam-Warming Difference equation:

10. Time stepping 1 st order methods in time: U(i+1) = F{ U(i) } 2 nd order methods in time: U(i+1) = F{ U(i), U(i-1) } Starting A) U(2) = F{ U(1) } ( e.g. One-Sided ) method: B) U(3) = F{ U(2), U(1) } ( Leapfrog )

11. Convergence - Analytical solution - Numerical solution Error function: Numerical convergence (Norm of the Error function):

12. Norms Norm for conservation laws: Other Norms (e.g. spectral problems)

13. Numerical Stability Courant, Friedrichs, Levy (CFL, Courant number) Upwind schemes for discontinity: a > 0 :One sided forward a < 0: One sided backward

14. Lax Equivalence Theorem For a well-posed linear initial value problem, the method is convergent if and only if it is stable. Necessary and sufficient condition for consistent linear method Well posed: solution exists, continuous, unique; -numerical stability (t) -numerical convergence (xyz)

15. Discontinuous solutions Advection equation: Initial condition: Analytic solution:

16. Analytic vs Numerical  x = 0.01

17. Analytic vs Numerical  x = 0.001

18. Nonlinear Equations Linear conservation: Nonlinear conservation:

19. Nonlinear FD methods Lax-Friedrichs linear stencil: nonlinear stencil:

20. Nonlinear FD methods Lax-Wendroff MacCormack’s two step method:

21. FD Methods Methods to supress numerical instabilities Numerical diffusion (first order methods)

22. Numerical dispersion Lax-Wendroff (or second order methods) Beam-Warming method

23. Numerical dispersion ( a > 0 ) ( a < 0 )

24. Numerical dispersion ( a > 0 ) ( a < 0 )

25. Convergence Lax-Friedrichs: Convergence:

26. FD Methods + / Primitive + / Fast -/ Accuracy -/ Numerical instabilities

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