1. The Industrial Revolution

2. The Industrial Revolution Begins in England In the 1700s, the I.R. began in England Agricultural Revolution spurred industrialization. – Enclosure Movement Industrialization-process of developing machine production of goods. England had the 3 Factors of Production: – Land (resources, land, waterways) – Labor (workers) – Capital (wealth)

3. New Inventions A population boom caused people to invent new technology. More food and cloth needed to be produced faster and easier. Inventions: – Seed Drill, Cotton Gin, Steam Engine, Water Frame, telephone – Railroads-made transportation cheap and quick, provided new jobs

4. Urbanization Cities in the 1800s began to grow Urbanization-more people started to move to the cities Worked in factories-first near rivers, then fueled by coal-mass produced goods Factory owners wanted to make as much profit as possible Businessmen, merchants, factory owners created a wealthy middle class Working and living conditions were not good This would lead to social class tensions and the rise of Socialism

5. The Rise of Socialism Capitalism spurred the Industrial Revolution Capitalism – Economic System – Factors of Production privately owned – Businesses want profit – Government interferes very little Socialism developed in the mid 1800s from French reformer Charles Fourier: – Factors of Production are publicly owned – Operate for the welfare of all according to people’s needs – Government should plan economy – End poverty and promote equality, protect workers

6. Marxism/Communism A German named Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a radical form of Socialism in 1848. The Communist Manifesto described how it would work. Social Class War: – Middle Class (Bourgeoisie) v. Working Class (Proletariat) Workers would revolt around the world against the Bourgeoisie Workers then would share the profits equally for all people Government would whither away A classless society would develop (Communism) No private property, all goods shared equally by the people

7. Industrialization Fuels Nationalism Industrialization gave many countries increased wealth, technology, and confidence. It caused these countries to unite politically into nation- states. Nationalism-loyalty to a people, not a king. Italy (1870): Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi help unite it. Germany (1871): Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia, helped unify it. – Used Realpolitik to unify

8. Industrialization Fuels Imperialism (Late 1800s-Early 1900s) Industrialization gave many countries wealth and power. European countries began to feel superior to others. Imperialism-Stronger countries seek to dominate weaker ones. They also needed raw materials and resources from Africa and Asia to fuel industrialization. The Berlin Conference (1884-1885)-European countries met to decide how to divide up Africa amongst themselves.

9. Imperialism in Africa David Livingstone-explored Africa’s interior opening the door for others. By the early 1900s, Europeans dominated Africa Social Darwinism-those societies that are fittest will have the most wealth and success. Cecil Rhodes, a British diamond businessman, supported this in South Africa. The British also took control of the Suez Canal to gain fast passage to its colonies.

10. British Imperialism in India Britain controlled India economically through the East India Company. India had to buy British goods and produce raw materials for them (tea, cotton, indigo). The British army in India included Sepoys, or Indian soldiers. The Sepoy Mutiny (1857): Sepoys found out that their rifle cartridges were greased with beef and pork fat. Sepoys rebelled, fighting the British for over a year before being defeated. Britain took full control over India after this.

11. Imperialism in China Many countries wanted to control China economically. The British started trading Opium in the early 1800s. Opium War (1839-1842)- Chinese were defeated by British. Spheres of Influence were set up; areas of economic control. Open Door Policy-created by Americans that stated that China must remain open to all foreign trade in all ports. The Boxer Rebellion (1900)- Chinese rebelled against foreign influence

12. The Meiji Era in Japan (1867-1912) Japan’s ports had been closed for centuries under the Tokugawa Shoguns. In 1853, American war ships were led by Commodore Matthew Perry into Tokyo’s harbor. Japan was forced to open its ports to foreign trade. In 1867, the Shogun stepped down and the Meiji Emperor took over. Meiji industrialized and modernized Japan Japan became an imperial power taking over Korea and parts of China.

13. American Imperialism Like European countries, the U.S. looked to obtain colonies in Asia for resources. Spanish-American War (1898): The U.S. freed Cuba and acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. White Man’s Burden-idea that it was America/Europe’s responsibility to civilize and develop inferior nations. Filipino-American War (1899- 1902)-Filipino nationalists fought American control. Hawaii was annexed by the U.S. in 1898. The Panama Canal-President Teddy Roosevelt had America build a canal that linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in 1904.