2. THE CELL & ITS ORGANELLES

3. So what is a Cell? A place where chemical reactions occur

4. What are some things that a cell would need for chemical reactions to occur?

5. A Container Reactants and an Entrance A Solvent Enzymes Energy A Controlling Region

6. The Container

7. The Reactants and Entrance Membrane Lipids small uncharged molecules and water can pass through the lipid membrane Membrane Transport Protein small charged ions and large molecule must pass through transport proteins

8. The Solvent Water is the solvent in cells. Its polar nature helps it dissolve reactants.

9. Enzymes Enzymes catalyze or speed up chemical reactions, and are usually large proteins. 1.They bond with one or a few substances or substrates (specificity) through their active site. 2.They lower the activation energy by bond reactants in a way that make the reaction likely. Changes in temperature and pH can alter the shape of protein enzymes inhibiting their ability to function (denature).

10. Energy Most biological reactions require energy. Sugar and lipids are indirect energy molecules. Cells usually use ATP as their direct energy source.

11. The Controlling Region DNA is the molecule that controls cellular reactions. DNA is found contained in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.

12. Chloroplasts In chloroplasts of plants, energy from sunlight is used convert carbon dioxide into glucose through the process of photosynthesis. CO 2 + H 2 O  O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6

14. Mitochondria In the mitochondria of plants and animals, the energy in glucose is converted into ATP in the mitochondria through the process of cellular respiration. C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  H 2 O + CO 2 + ATP

17. Where do transport proteins come from? And how do they get to the membrane?

18. The Cytomembrane System The Cytomembrane System includes the Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosome, Golgi Bodies, and Vesicles Function The system functions to produce and distribute proteins within or outside the cell

23. Other Organelles Lysosomes Vacuoles Cytoskeleton