1. BZUPAGES.COM Contemporary Theories of Motivation

2. BZUPAGES.COM Cognitive Evolution Theory Goal Setting Theory Self Efficacy Theory Reinforcement Theory Equity Theory Expectancy Theory

3. BZUPAGES.COM Reinforcement Theory Concepts: Behavior is environmentally caused. Behavior can be modified (reinforced) by providing (controlling) consequences. Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated. Concepts: Behavior is environmentally caused. Behavior can be modified (reinforced) by providing (controlling) consequences. Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated. The assumption that behavior is a function of its consequences.

4. BZUPAGES.COM Reinforcement theory model Consequences Behavior Rewards Punishment No rewards

5. BZUPAGES.COM Reinforcement theory, how is linked to motivation Law of Effect Theoretical basis for manipulating consequences. Behavior that results in pleasant outcome is likely to be repeated. Behavior that results in an unpleasant outcome is not likely to be repeated.

6. BZUPAGES.COM Positive and negative reinforcement Used for strengthening desirable behavior Punishment Used to weaken the undesirable behavior

7. BZUPAGES.COM Laws Law of contingent reinforcement The reward must be delivered only if the desired behavior is exhibited Law of immediate reinforcement The reward must be given as soon as possible after the desires behavior is exhibited

8. BZUPAGES.COM Equity Theory Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any equity. Self input = other input self outcomes other outcomes

9. BZUPAGES.COM There are four referent comparisons Self inside Self outside Other inside Other outside

10. BZUPAGES.COM Equity restoration behaviors 1.Change work inputs 2.Change outcomes 3.Leave the situation 4.Choose a different referent person 5.Chang the comparison points 1.Change work inputs 2.Change outcomes 3.Leave the situation 4.Choose a different referent person 5.Chang the comparison points

11. BZUPAGES.COM Equity Theory Distributive Justice Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals. Procedural Justice The perceived fairness of the process to determine the distribution of rewards.

12. BZUPAGES.COM Expectancy Theory Expectancy Theory (Victor Vroom) A process theory that states that motivation is determined by the outcomes that people expect to occur as a result of their actions on the job.

13. BZUPAGES.COM Expectancy model of motivation

14. BZUPAGES.COM Expectancy Theory Relationships Effort–Performance Relationship The probability that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance. Performance–Reward Relationship The belief that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome. Rewards–Personal Goals Relationship The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s goals or needs and the attractiveness of potential rewards for the individual.

15. BZUPAGES.COM Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation

16. BZUPAGES.COM Performance Dimension

17. BZUPAGES.COM Applications in Next Chapter