1. Cell Growth Kinetics -Introduction -Growth patterns and kinetics in batch culture - growth phases - effect of factors: oxygen supply - heat generation -Growth kinetics (Monod Equation) -Growth in continuous culture (ideal chemostat)

2. Growth Kinetics Introduction - Autocatalytic reaction: The rate of growth is directly related to cell concentration substrates + cells → extracellular products + more cells ∑S + X → ∑P + nX S: substrate concentration (g/L); X: cell mass concentration (g/L); P: product concentration (g/L); n: increased number of biomass. Net specific growth rate (1/time): t: the time

3. Growth Kinetics Introduction Net specific growth rate (1/time): Gross specific growth rate (1/time) The rate of loss of cell mass due to cell death or endogenous metabolism Endogenous metabolism: during the stationary phase, the cell catabolizes cellular reserves for new building blocks and for energy-producing monomers.

4. Growth Kinetics Introduction Net specific replication rate (1/time): Gross specific replication rate (1/time) The rate of cell death (1/time) N : Cell number concentration (cell number /L)

5. Growth Kinetics Introduction - Quantifying cell concentration: - direct: no suspended solid and interference compounds. cell mass concentration – preferred dry weight, optical density (turbidity) cell number density: Petroff-Hausser slide (hemocytometer), plate counts, particle counter

10. Growth Kinetics - Quantifying cell concentration: - indirect: direct method is inapplicable. (mold solid state fermentation) Cell mass can be determined by measurement of protein, DNA or ATP. e.g. 1mg ATP/g dry weight bacterial cell, 100 mg ATP/L, then the cell mass: 100/1=100 (g dry weight cell)

11. Growth Kinetics -Growth patterns and kinetics in batch culture - growth phases In batch culture: - lag phase - logrithmic or exponential growth phase - deceleration phase - stationary phase - death phase

12. Typical growth curve for a bacterial population

13. Lag phase A period of adaptation for the cells to their new environment New enzymes are synthesized. A slight increase in cell mass and volume, but no increase in cell number Prolonged by low inoculum volume, poor inoculum condition (high % of dead cells), age of inoculum, nutrient-poor medium Multiple lag phases: (diauxic growth) medium contains more than one carbon source Batch Growth Kinetics

14. Typical growth curve for a bacterial population Diauxic growth

15. Typical growth curve for a bacterial population

16. Batch Growth Kinetics Exponential growth phase In this phase, the cells have adjusted to their new environment and multiply rapidly (exponentially) Balanced growth –all components of a cell grow at the same rate. Growth rate is independent of nutrient concentration, as nutrients are in excess. The net specific growth rate determined from either cell number or cell mass would be the same.

17. Batch Growth Kinetics Exponential growth phase The first order exponential growth rate expression is:

18. Typical growth curve for a bacterial population

19. Batch Growth Kinetics Exponential growth phase Doubling time of cell mass: the time required to double the microbial mass: Doubling time of cell number: the time required to double the microbial cell number:

20. Typical growth curve for a bacterial population

21. Batch Growth Kinetics Deceleration growth phase Very short phase, during which growth decelerates due to either: Depletion of one or more essential nutrients The accumulation of toxic by-products of growth (e.g. Ethanol in yeast fermentations) Period of unbalanced growth: Cells undergo internal restructuring to increase their chances of survival

22. Typical growth curve for a bacterial population

23. Batch Growth Kinetics Stationary Phase: With the exhaustion of nutrients (S≈0) and build-up of waste and secondary metabolic products -The growth rate equals the death rate. -There is no net growth in the organism population. -Cells may have active metabolism to produce secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites are growth-related: ethanol, Secondary metabolites are non-growth-related: antibiotics, pigments.

24. Kinetic Pattern of Growth and Product Formation Growth-associatedNon growth-associatedMixed-growth-associated

25. Batch Growth Kinetics Stationary phase -Cell lysis may occur and viable cell mass may drop. A second growth phase may occur and cells may grow on lysis products of lysed cells (cryptic growth) -Endogenous metabolism occurs by catabolizing cellular reserves for new building blocks and energy-producing monomer (maintenance energy). The rate describing the conversion of cell mass into maintenance energy or the loss of cell mass due to cell lysis:

26. Batch Growth Kinetics Death Phase: The living organism population decreases with time, due to a lack of nutrients and toxic metabolic by- products. The rate of death usually follows:

27. Batch Growth Kinetics Yield coefficients: defined based on the amount of consumption of another material.

28. Batch Growth Kinetics Yield coefficients: defined based on the amount of consumption of another material. At the end of the batch growth period, the measured yields are apparent as of endogenous metabolism occurring, Kd > 0, which changes the metabolic pathways of the substrate

29. Batch Growth Kinetics Effect of factors: -Dissolved oxygen (DO) - aerobic fermentation requires oxygen - oxygen gas is sparingly soluble in water - specific growth rate may be limited by DO if DO is below a critical oxygen concentration. Critical oxygen concentration: the growth rate becomes independent of DO concentration. bacteria and yeast: 5%-10% of the saturated DO mold: 10%-50% of the saturated DO The saturated DO is 7 ppm at 25 o C and 1 atm

30. Batch Growth Kinetics Effect of factors: -Dissolved oxygen (DO) As oxygen is continually re-supplied, DO concentration can limit the growth rate but the extent of growth (mass of cell formed) would depend on other medium components such as glucose. The rate of oxygen transfer (OTR) from the gas to liquid phase is given by: OTR = No 2 = K L a (C*-C L ) KL is the oxygen transfer coefficient (cm/h), a is the gas-liquid interfacial area (cm2/cm3) KLa is the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (h-1) C* is saturated DO concentration (mg/l); C L is the actual DO concentration (mg/l); No 2 is the rate of oxygen transfer (OTR) (mgO2/l.h)

31. Batch Growth Kinetics Effect of factors: -Dissolved oxygen (DO) When oxygen transfer is the rate-limiting step, at steady state, the rate of oxygen consumption is equal to the rate of oxygen transfer. If the maintenance requirement of O 2 is negligible compared to growth, then Sufficient oxygen supply: OTR ≥ the rate of oxygen consumption

32. Batch Growth Kinetics Effect of factors: -Dissolved oxygen (DO) Question: Oxygen is to be supplied for yeast production. If oxygen consumption (uptake) rate (OUR) is 15g/l medium-h for a required yeast growth, and the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) is 10 g/l medium-h. Is such oxygen transfer rate sufficient to maintain the required yeast growth? If the required growth has to be maintained, how to improve the oxygen transfer rate? Answers: OUR=15g/l medium-h > OTR=10 g/l medium-h insufficient oxygen supply rate. Oxygen transfer rate is limiting. Increase k L a or C*-C

33. Batch Growth Kinetics Effect of factors: -Temperature - Psychrophiles (T opt <20 o C) - Mesophiles (20-50 o C) - Thermophiles (>50 o C) Temperature affects growth, product formation and rate- limiting step (e.g. oxygen transfer) -pH - affects the activity of enzymes and therefore growth rate. - optimum pH for growth may be different from that for product formation. (citric acid production by A. niger) optimum pH for bacteria: 3-8, yeast: 3-6, molds, 3-7, plant 5-6, animal 6.5-7.5

34. Batch Growth Kinetics Effect of factors: -Ionic strength: affect the transport and solubility of certain nutrients: oxygen I=1/2∑CiZi 2 -High substrate concentration: substrate inhibition