1. Intelligence – Extremes and Influence RG 11c

2. Extremes of Intelligence A valid intelligence test divides two groups of people into two extremes. The mentally retarded (IQ 70) and individuals with high intelligence (IQ 135) are significantly different.

3. Intellectual Disability (formerly Mental Retardation) Mental retardation – having significantly below- average intellectual functioning and limitations in at least two areas of adaptive functioning ● self direction ● health and safety ● academics ● leisure and work Adaptive functioning includes… ● communication skills ● self-care ● ability to live independently ● social skills ● community involvement

4. Intellectual Disability Cure – none, yet some preventative measures for certain types of MR… ● test performed on newborns tests for hidden genetic disorder called PKU…if detected early, the MR associated with PKU can be prevented by a special dietPKU ● more generally…genetic counseling, pregnancy care services and education of new parents are other preventative strategies Causes – various factors… ● genetics (down syndrome) ● environmental (fas, sbs) ● deprivation or neglect ● no apparent/known cause

5. Intellectual Disability Levels of ID/MR… Mild (50-70) – 85% of all MR – academic abilities at approx. 6 th grade level…can learn to live on own and hold a job Moderate (35-49) – academic abilities approx. 2 nd grade level – can be trained in self-care and acquire some reading/writing skills, yet need some supervision Severe (20-34) – mental capacity of approximately a 5-year-old – learn to talk in most cases and perform simple tasks, yet need close supervision Profound (below 20) – mental age less than 3 – very limited communication and require constant supervision…usually have numerous physical disabilities as well

6. Intellectually Gifted Intellectually gifted – have IQ scores above 130-135 Most extensive research on “giftedness” was done by Terman...resulting data much of what we know about subject ●studied 1528 students near top of IQ range into adulthood ●found that gifted children excelled in school, had overall good health, were generally happy (newer research suggests that highly gifted children may be susceptible to certain physical or psychological disorders) ●most continued on path of success, yet most led ordinary, undistinguished lives

7. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence No other topic in psychology is so passionately followed as the one that asks the question, “Is intelligence due to genetics or the environment?”

8. Genetic Influences Studies of twins, family members and adopted children together support the idea that there is a significant genetic contribution to intelligence.

9. Genetic Influences Studies of twins have pointed toward genetic influences… ● Minnesota Twins Project – U of Minn – James Bouchard o Focused on identical twins reared-apart o In 1979, Bouchard came across an account of a pair of twins (Jim Springer and Jim Lewis) who had been separated from birth and were reunited at age 39. "The twins," Bouchard later wrote, "were found to have married women named Linda, divorced, and married the second time to women named Betty. One named his son James Allan, the other named his son James Alan, and both named their pet dogs Toy." o Research still ongoing…studied over 100 pairs of identicals separated at birth…all with similar results, much of personality, temperament, intelligence, etc. the same or very similar

10. Genetic Influences Other research supporting genetic influences… ● Studies of identical twins have shown a stronger correlation in IQ scores when compared with fraternal twins ● adopted children tend to have a more similar IQ to their biological parents, rather than adoptive parents ● research coming out of Human Genome Project has also suggested that intelligence has a genetic component scientists point out that a genetic basis of intelligence is complex however because it involves the interaction of many genes

11. Environmental Influences Studies of twins and adopted children also show: ● Greater similarity in IQ scores of those individuals reared together than those reared apart…

12. Questions on twin studies and intelligence If genetic factors play an important role in development of intelligence as measured by an IQ test, then which of the following statements is most likely to be true? A. The IQ scores of parents and their offspring will be more nearly alike than IQ scores of identical twins. B. The IQ scores of siblings reared together will be more nearly alike than IQ scores of identical twins. C. The IQ scores of fraternal twins reared together will be more nearly alike than the IQ scores of identical twins reared apart. D. The IQ scores of fraternal twins will be equivalent in similarity to the IQ scores of identical twins. E. The IQ scores of identical twins reared apart will be more nearly alike than the IQ scores of fraternal twins reared together.

13. Cont'd... Jim and Tim are identical (monozygotic) twins that were reared together. Scott and Michael are fraternal (dizygotic) twins that were reared together. Given the results of heritability studies of intelligence, which of the following outcomes are most likely to emerge? A. Jim and Tim will have very similar IQ's. B. Scott and Michael will have very similar IQ's. C. Both pairs will have very similar IQ's. D. Neither pair will have similar IQ's. E. Jim and Michael will have similar IQ's.

14. Schooling Effects Schooling is an intervention that pays dividends, reflected in intelligence scores. Increased schooling is related to higher intelligence scores. To increase readiness for schoolwork Projects like Head Start facilitate leaning.

15. Reasons for Why Environment Affects Intelligence 1. The races are remarkably alike genetically. 2. Race is a social category. 3. Asian students outperform North American students on math achievement and aptitude tests. 4. Today’s better prepared populations would outperform populations of the 1930s on intelligence tests. 5. White and black infants tend to score equally well on tests predicting future intelligence. 6. In different eras, different ethnic groups have experienced periods of remarkable achievement.

16. Controversy… Studies have been done comparing different ethnicities, social classes and adopted children, trying to prove impact of genetics or environment on the scores of these different groups ● No solid evidence has come about either way…some evidence suggests that environmental changes can influence IQ scores of children in “deprived situations” ● Studies also show that there are probably test biases for children of lower socioeconomic and minority groups due to the norms of most IQ tests being based on scores of middle-class white children Genie Wiley

17. Heritability Heritability – the amount of trait variation within a group that can be attributed to genetic differences ● HERITABILITY AND HEREDITY ARE NOT THE SAME…heritability is looking at differences in groups where heredity is looking at an individual’s traits ● You can only speak of heritable differences within a group of individuals who have shared the same environment