1. C.E.R.M.A.C. Centro Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010 THE SHAPE OF MOTOR RESONANCE: Right- or Left-handed? Monia Cabinio a, Valeria Blasi a, Paola Borroni b, Marcella Montagna c, Antonella Iadanza a, Andrea Falini a, Gabriella Cerri c a Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, CERMAC, Milan, Italy b University of Milan, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dental Sciences, Milan, Italy c University of Milan, Department of Human Physiology, Milan, Italy Neuroimage 2010 May 15;51(1):313-23.

2. “ Recently we discovered a particular subset of F5 neurons, which from the motor point of view are undistinguishable from the rest of the population, that discharge when the monkey observe meaningful hand movements made by an experimenter (‘mirror neurons’). ” (Rizzolatti et al. 1996, Brain.Res.Cogn.Brain.Res. ) MIRROR NEURONS - DEFINITION XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010

3. MIRROR NEURONS - DEFINITION XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010 “ These neurons are called Mirror Neurons because the observed action seems to be “reflected”, as in a mirror, in the motor representation for the same action of the observer ” (Buccino et al. 2006, Cog. Behav. Neurol )

4. “ The discovery of mirror neurons is very important because it suggests an important cognitive role for the motor cortex: that of representing actions internally. This internal representation, when evoked by an action made by others, should be involved in two related functions: action imitation and action recognition ” Rizzolatti et al. (1998) Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. MIRROR NEURONS - DEFINITION XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010

5. Rizzolatti et al. 1998, Electroencephalogr.Clin.Neurophysiol. MIRROR NEURONS - MONKEY XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010

6. Neurophysiology (for review Fadiga et al.2005, Curr.Opin.Neurobiol) (Gangitano et al. 2004, Eur.J. Neurosci.; Borroni et al. 2008, Eur. J. Neurosci.) Neuroimaging (for review Rizzolatti, Craighero 2004, Annu.Rev.Neurosci.) PET (Rizzolatti et al., 1996, Brain. Res. Cogn. Brain Res.) fMRI (Buccino et al, 2001, Eur. J. Neurosci.) MIRROR NEURONS - HUMAN XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010

7. Inferior parietal lobule Inferior Precentral Gyrus Inferior Frontal Gyrus - pars opercularis MIRROR NEURONS - DEFINITION XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010 Cattaneo, Rizzolatti 2009, Arch. Neurol.

8. fMRI STUDY – THE QUESTION XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010 Is motor resonance subjected to motor constraints? Motor resonance reproduces subliminally the specific motor program of the observed action

9. Mirror Neuron System and Hand Dominance an fMRI study fMRI STUDY XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010

10. 20 Healthy right-handed (8 M, mean age 28.3, range 20-47) 20 Healthy left-handed (12 M, mean age 29, range 19-53) Edinburgh Inventory to assess hand dominance (Oldfileld, 1971) fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010

11. OBSERVATIONEXECUTION “Mirror neurons [...] discharge both when the monkey does a particular action and when it observes another individual doing a similar action.” (Rizzolatti et al, 1996) Grasping gestures Common objects Right and left hand fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010

12. fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010

13. fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010

14. 2 Runs OBSERVATION 2 Runs EXECUTION Block Design (A-B-C) Randomization (Runs e Blocks) 3.0 Tesla MR Scanner (Intera, Philips Medical System, Best, The Nedherlands) Echo-Planar Imaging Sequence (TR 3000 msec; TE 30 msec, FOV 240, 40 slices, 84 dyn) T1 3D Gradient Echo IR (FOV 230 mm, Matrice 256x256, 180 slices) LEFTRIGHTREST ACB fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010

15. Statistical analysis software: SPM5 (www.fil.ion.ucl.a.c.uk/spm); Images normalization on SPM5 template; Single subject analysis (p<0.001); Conjunction Analysis (p<0.001, masking p<0.05). fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010

16. Masking P<0.05 Observation - RightExecution - Right Conjunction P<0.001 Common Areas CONJUNCTION ANALYSIS fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010

17. GROUP ANALYSIS Vedo destra Vedo sinistra Muovo destra Muovo sinistra Vedo destra Vedo sinistra Muovo destra Muovo sinistra Vedo destra Vedo sinistra Muovo destra Muovo sinistra Vedo destra Vedo sinistra Muovo destra Muovo sinistra Vedo destra Vedo sinistra Muovo destra Muovo sinistra Vedo destra Vedo sinistra Muovo destra Muovo sinistra Vedo destra Vedo sinistra Muovo destra Muovo sinistra Vedo destra Vedo sinistra Muovo destra Muovo sinistra OBS - Right OBS - Left EXE - Right EXE - Left OBS - Right OBS - Left EXE - Right EXE - Left RIGHT-HANDED LEFT-HANDED Observe-Right Observe-Left Execute-Right Execute-Left Observe-Right Observe-Left Execute-Right Execute-Left Vedo destra Vedo sinistra Muovo destra Muovo sinistra Vedo destra Vedo sinistra Muovo destra Muovo sinistra Vedo destra Vedo sinistra Muovo destra Muovo sinistra Vedo destra Vedo sinistra Muovo destra Muovo sinistra OBS - Right OBS - Left EXE - Right Exe - Left SINGLE SUBJECT ANALYSIS OBS - Right OBS - Left EXE - Right EXE - Left fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010 CONJUNCTION ANALYSIS CONJUNCTION (Right hand) CONJUNCTION (Left hand) CONJUNCTION (Right hand) CONJUNCTION (Left Hand)

18. Conjunction Analysis – Right HandConjunction Analysis – Left Hand RIGHT HANDED LEFT HANDED Conjunction Analysis – Right HandConjunction Analysis – Left Hand XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010 fMRI STUDY – RESULTS

19. Conjunction Analysis – Right HandConjunction Analysis – Left Hand RIGHT HANDED LEFT HANDED Conjunction Analysis – Right HandConjunction Analysis – Left Hand XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010 fMRI STUDY – RESULTS

20. Conjunction Analysis – Right HandConjunction Analysis – Left Hand RIGHT HANDED LEFT HANDED Conjunction Analysis – Right HandConjunction Analysis – Left Hand XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010 fMRI STUDY – RESULTS

21. XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010

22. Activation of a network traditionally related to the MNS (BA 6, STG, BA 40); Intense activity of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1); Mirror activation is strongly left lateralized in Right-handed; Mirror activation is more bilateral in left handed. fMRI STUDY – DISCUSSION XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010 Mirror Neuron System (motor resonance) is shaped on motor constraints

23. fMRI STUDY – CONCLUSION XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUMBOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010 “On the basis of what we are learning from neuroscience, today we can explain why others’ behavior is intrinsically meaningful to us: because we share the same neural resources on which the same behavior is mapped” (Gallese 2008, J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc.)

24. Thank you