1. Graphics Cards and Monitors

2. GRAPHICS CARDS components video processor (and GPU)GPU video RAMRAM video ROM BIOS video DAC (DVI adapters don’t)(DVI resolution and colors  old: MDA, HGC, CGA, EGA, VGA (up to 640 x 480 pixels and 256 colors)VGA  new: SVGA, UVGA, SXGA, etc (up to 2,048 x 1536 pixels and 16 million colors)SVGA

3. GRAPHICS CARDS Connections to motherboard  Peripheral component interconnect (PCI)PCI  Advanced graphics port (AGP)AGP  PCI Express (PCIe)PCIe Depth and more  From 2D to 3DFrom 2D to 3D  DirectX DirectX  OpenGL OpenGL  comparisons comparisons

4. GRAPHICS CARDS Colors (4 to 32 bits) –old: 16 = 2^4 ; 256 = 2^8 –new: 32 K = 2^15; 64 K = 2^16; 16 million = 2^24; 4 billion = 2^32 Resolution (pixels) –800 x 600 = 480,000 –1024 x 768 = 786,432 –1280 x 768 = 984,040 –1280 x 1024 = 1,310,720 Video memory (examples) – 800 x 600, 256 colors = 480,000 x 8 / 8 /1024 = 469 K –1,024 x 768, 64K colors = 786,432 x 16 / 8 /1024 = 1.54 MB –1,280 x 1024, 4 billion = 1,310,720 x 32 / 8 /1024 = 5.1 MB Calculations

5. MONITORS Components (CRT)CRT –electronic circuitry –power transformer –picture tube Specifications – vertical frequency: redraw frequency vertical frequency – horizontal frequency: lines per secondhorizontal frequency – display resolution vs. card resolutiondisplay resolution – screen size: different for CRT and LCD screen size – connectors: analog and digitalconnectors Dot pitch

6. MONITORS Components (LCD)LCD –polarized glass –liquid crystals –thin film transistors (TFT ) Each pixel (picture element) consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparenttwo transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filterselectrodes, and two polarizing filters. Specifications – active and passive matrix displays active – native resolution, viewing angle, brightness or luminance, contrast ratio, response rate, and adjustability native resolution, viewing angle, brightness or luminance, contrast ratio, response rate, and adjustability CRT vs. LCD

7. MONITORS Monitor sizes in cm (horizontal) –14 inches => 11 inches = 27.9 cm –17 inches => 16 inches = 40.6 cm –19 inches => 17 inches = 43.2 cm Resolution and dot pitch –1,024 x 768 => 1,024 x.25 = 256.7 mm = 25.7 cm –800 x 600 => 800 x.25 = 200.0 mm = 20 cm –640 x 480 => 640 x.25 = 179.2 mm = 17.9 cm Dot pitch and pixel density –.25 = 10,000 pixels per in 2 –.26 = 9,025 pixels per in 2 –.28 = 7,656 pixels per in 2 Calculations