1. From Research to Writing... HOW?

2. Why do we cite sources? To let our readers know how we arrived at our conclusions (gives more credibility to our ideas) To stand on the shoulders of the scholars who came before us – and allow others to stand on our shoulders Because giving credit to others is the honest thing to do!

3. What should I cite? Direct quotations Someone else’s unique ideas (in a paraphrase) Statistics Diagrams, images, sound clips

4. I don’t have to cite: My own ideas or conclusions Things that are “commonly known” by my audience

5. How to paraphrase 1. Read the other person’s idea/opinion, and understand it. 2. Close the book/website/article. 3. Explain the idea out loud to someone else. 4. Write out the idea/opinion. 5. Make sure to include the author’s name/affiliation in your paraphrase. 6. Check back with the original. 7. Finish off with an in-text citation.

6. Example: A former South African health minister asserted that HIV can be effectively treated with garlic, and that antiretroviral drugs are not necessary (Bristol). In-text citation tells the reader where you found this information.

7. Integrating your paraphrase Make a “sandwich” with your research information: Start with your point (the topic sentence of the paragraph). Use a transitional phrase or word to bring in your research. End with your conclusions or a summary of the research, in your own words.

8. Integrating the paraphrase One of the difficulties in stopping the spread of HIV in some countries is the resistance of government officials to believe in modern drug treatment. For example, a former South African health minister asserted that HIV can be effectively treated with garlic, and that antiretroviral drugs are not necessary (Bristol). Clearly, one step to successfully stopping the spread of HIV is to remove cultural barriers to treatment. Introduce the idea of the paragraph (topic sentence) transition paraphrase End the paragraph with your summary/conclusions

9. P.S. Here’s how the two citation pieces fit together: In text citation:... and that antiretroviral drugs are not necessary (Bristol). Works Cited citation: Bristol, Nellie. "Battling HIV/AIDS." CQ Researcher 26 Oct. 2007: 889-912. Web. 11 Oct. 2011.