1. Macromolecules Organic (carbon) polymers- (repeating units) that make up living things Monomer Polymer

2. 2 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Copyright Cmassengale

3. 3 Carbon is a Versatile Atom It has four electrons in it outer Carbon can share with up to four atoms at a time Copyright Cmassengale

4. 4 Hydrocarbons The simplest carbon compounds … Contain only carbon & hydrogen atoms Copyright Cmassengale

5. 5 Hydrocarbons Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons Copyright Cmassengale

6. 6 Large Hydrocarbons: The main molecules in gasoline The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide energy for our bodies Copyright Cmassengale

7. 7 Shape of Organic Molecules The shape determines its function in an organism Copyright Cmassengale

8. 8 Functional Groups are: Groups of atoms that give properties to the compounds to which they attach Gained Electrons Lost Electrons Copyright Cmassengale

9. 9 Common Functional Groups Copyright Cmassengale

10. 10 Linking Monomers Dehydration- linking monomers by removing water. This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double sugar Remove H Remove OH H 2 O Forms Copyright Cmassengale

11. 11 Breaking Down Polymers Hydrolysis- breaking down monomers by adding water Water added to split a double sugar Copyright Cmassengale

12. Protein -Proteins—large organic polymers formed from monomers called amino acids. -amino acids make up all proteins. ex. muscles, hair

13. 13 Four Types of Proteins Structural Contractile Storage Transport Copyright Cmassengale

14. 14 Amino Acids All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders Copyright Cmassengale

15. 15 Structure of Amino Acids Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things boded to it: Amino group –NH 2 Carboxyl group -COOH Hydrogen -H Side group -R Amino group Carboxyl group R group Side groups Leucine -hydrophobic Serine-hydrophillic Copyright Cmassengale

16. 16 Linking Amino Acids Peptide bonds forms when two amino acids are linked together (polypeptides) Dehydration Synthesis Peptide Bond Copyright Cmassengale

17. Protein Structures or CONFORMATIONS Primary – amino acid order Secondary – chain shaping (pleating, waving) Tertiary – chain folding (R group interactions) Quantinary –chain combining 17

18. Hydrogen bond Pleated sheet Amino acid (a) Primary structure Hydrogen bond Alpha helix (b) Secondary structure Polypeptide (single subunit) (c) Tertiary structure (d) Quaternary structure

19. Nucleic Acids -Nucleic acids— polymers formed from monomers called nucleotides - Store genetic information and code for proteins - DNA—the nucleic acid, found in the nucleus of cells

20. 20Copyright Cmassengale

21. 21 Nucleotides Phosphate group Thymine (T) Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate Base Suga r Base, sugar, phosphate Nucleotide

22. 22 Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer Copyright Cmassengale

23. 23 Nucleotide Monomers Backbone Nucleotide Bases DNA strand Nucleotides are joined by sugars & phosphates on the side Copyright Cmassengale

24. 24 DNA Two strands of DNA joined together by bases in the middle to form a double helix Base pair Double helix Copyright Cmassengale

25. 25 RNA – Ribonucleic Acid Ribose sugar has an extra – OH or hydroxyl group Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or U) Sugar (ribose) Phosphate group Uraci l Copyright Cmassengale

26. Carbohydrates - Carbohydrates—polymers formed from sugar monomers -provide energy for the body (starch)

27. Sugar Types Monosaccharides (1 sugar) Ex. Glucose Disaccharides-(2 simple sugars) Ex. Table sugar Polysaccharides-(many sugars). Ex: starch

28. 28 Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Include glucose, fructose, & galactose Isomers- same chemical formulas but different structural formulas C 6 H 12 O 6 Copyright Cmassengale

29. 29 Monosaccharides Glucose is found in sports drinks Fructose is found in fruits Honey contains both glucose & fructose Galactose is called “milk sugar” -OSE ending means SUGAR

30. 30 Rings In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form ring structures Copyright Cmassengale

31. 31 Disaccharides -made by joining two monosaccharides through dehydration -Forms a glycosidic bond Copyright Cmassengale

32. 32 Disaccharides Common disaccharides  Sucrose= glucose + fructose (table sugar)  Lactose= galactose + glucose (Milk Sugar)  Maltose= glucose + glucose (Grain sugar) Copyright Cmassengale

33. 33 Polysaccharides (complex sugars) Composed of many sugar monomers linked together Polymers of monosaccharide chains Copyright Cmassengale

34. 34 Examples of Polysaccharides Starch Glycogen Cellulose Glucose Monomer Copyright Cmassengale

35. 35 Starch Starch is an example of a storage polysaccharide in plants Ex. Potatoes and grains Copyright Cmassengale

36. 36 Glycogen Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals Glycogen and starch are Borth made from glucose Copyright Cmassengale

37. 37 Cellulose Structure polysaccharide in plants Ex. - plant cell walls, wood, fibers (indigestible) to humans. Copyright Cmassengale

38. 38 Dietary Cellulose Some animals have bacteria in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose Copyright Cmassengale

39. 39 Sugars in Water Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve readily in water They are hydrophilic, or “water-loving” WATER MOLECULE SUGAR MOLECULE -OH groups make them water soluble Copyright Cmassengale

40. Lipids -Lipids- 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol “backbone”. Used for energy storage, insulation, and to keep water out. Ex oils, fats, steroids, waxes

41. 41 Linking Lipids Fatty Acid Chain dehydration Copyright Cmassengale

42. 42 Lipids Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing” Do NOT mix with water FAT MOLECULE Copyright Cmassengale

43. 43 Steroids The carbon skeleton of steroids is bent to form 4 fused rings Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids like estrogen and testosterone. Cholesterol Testosterone Estrogen Copyright Cmassengale

44. Lipid Types Saturated fats -a fatty acid with all the H’s it can hold. Ex. Animal fat (solid) Unsaturated fat- a fatty acid that can hold more hydrogen. Ex. Vegetable and fish oils (liquid)

45. 45 Types of Fatty Acids Single Bonds in Carbon chain Double bond in carbon chain Copyright Cmassengale

46. Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions – substances being changed into new substances. ex. Burned wood Ex. H 2 O 2 H 2 O + O 2 Reactants- go into a reaction Products – are made

47. Activation Energy Activation energy – energy needed to start a reaction Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

48. Enzymes-catalyst (speed up rxns) Enzymes- Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. Lock and Key fit – active site of enzymes match the shape of their substrates (reactants).

49. 49 Enzyme + Substrate = Product Copyright Cmassengale

50. Enzyme Denature An enzyme will denature (lose its shape) at certain temperatures or pH’s and stop working