1. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Chapter 3 Rules, Regulations, and the Law

2. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Objectives Identify types of laws that apply to emergency vehicle operations. Identify how specific laws apply to emergency vehicle operations. Identify the changing legal climate that exists, and its impact upon emergency vehicle drivers and their organization.

3. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Objectives Identify the primary legal principles which affect drivers and recognize their implications upon emergency vehicle operations. Identify the specific state driving laws that affect the emergency and related vehicle driver. Identify the individual state laws, local ordinances, standards, and requirements that impact emergency vehicle driver training and operations.

4. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Case Study Review and discuss the case study.

5. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Introduction

6. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Examples of Exemptions Permission to proceed through a red traffic signal or stop sign. Ability to exceed the posted speed limit. Right to travel against the normal flow of traffic. Park on roadways regardless of traffic flow.

7. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Laws Which Impact the Emergency Vehicle Driver State motor vehicle and traffic laws Nationally recognized standards State and federal occupational safety and health regulations Local ordinances Organizational policies, procedures, and guidelines

8. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Changing Legal Climate Lawsuits tend to include any and all parties involved: –Organization as a whole –Emergency vehicle operator –Officer of the vehicle –Vehicle crew members –Chief executive of the organization –Board of Directors, Commissioners

9. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ The King Can Do No Wrong!

10. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Defining the Law

11. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Types of Regulations Constitutional laws Statutory laws come from legislative acts Ordinances Rules and regulations: –Organizational policies, procedures, and guidelines –Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) –Standard Operating Guidelines (SOG)

12. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Understanding Regulations

13. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Some Local Organization SOP/SOGs Policy on emergency vehicle driver training Emergency and nonemergency response protocols Navigating intersections Use of privately owned vehicles (Continued)

14. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Some Local Organization SOP/SOGs Speed and space management Seat belt use Parking and placement of vehicles What to do if involved in an collision

15. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Three Principles Regarding Exemptions Emergency and related vehicle drivers are subject to all traffic regulations unless a specific exemption is made in the state or local statutes. Exemptions are legal only in the emergency mode. Even with an exemption, emergency and related vehicle drivers can be found criminally or civilly liable if involved in a crash.

16. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ What Is Meant by “Specific Exemption”?

17. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ What Is Meant by “Specific Exemption”? A specific exemption is a statement which appears in the statutes and specifies an exception to the rule such as: “The operator of an authorized emergency vehicle may park in a no parking zone as long as the operator does not endanger life or property.” — NHTSA

18. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Three Principles of EVO Law Emergency vehicle drivers are subject to all traffic laws unless a specific exemption is provided. Exemptions for emergency vehicle drivers apply only when the emergency vehicle is responding to a true emergency. Emergency vehicle drivers can be found criminally or civilly liable if involved in an accident, even if they are operating under the provisions of an exemption.

19. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Important Terms True emergency Due regard Negligence Gross negligence Willful and wanton Vicarious liability

20. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ True Emergency Situations where others determine the “nature of the emergency” include: –Emergency dispatch protocols (hot, cold) for Fire and EMS –Information from a dispatcher –Affiliated emergency service operator requests medical facility physician’s decision

21. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ True Emergency Ask yourself these questions: Is there a high probability of death or serious injury to the patient? Will my actions reduce the seriousness of the incident?

22. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ True Emergency Examples: True Emergency—Residential fire with reported persons trapped. True Emergency—A dispatcher reports an individual, who is highly allergic to bees, is stung by a bee. Nonemergency—Automatic fire alarm sounding. Nonemergency—A person falls and breaks an ankle.

23. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Law of Due Regard

24. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Law of Due Regard Ask yourself these questions: Am I responding like others will in the same situation? Am I giving enough notice of my vehicle’s approach to allow other motorists and pedestrians to clear a path and protect themselves? Am I using the signaling equipment appropriately? (Continued)

25. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Law of Due Regard Ask yourself these questions: Is it necessary to use it? Can motorists and pedestrians hear and see my signals? Am I using extreme caution?

26. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Due Regard Examples: No regard for safety Due regard for safety

27. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Negligence

28. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Negligence Ask yourself these questions: Do I have a “duty to act” toward the other person? What must I do to avoid a “breach of duty”? How can I avoid the other person suffering injury or loss because of my duty?

29. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Case Examples Example 1: An ambulance was transporting a young girl with an injured arm to the hospital when it crashed with another vehicle. The operator of the ambulance was at fault. The crash caused an additional injury to the child. The operator could be found negligent.

30. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Case Examples Example 2: An aerial truck inspection was done, and the operator noted in writing that the tire had a problem. A run was called in, and the operator drove the vehicle knowing the tire was bad. During the run, the operator was involved in a crash as a result of the bad tire. The operator could be found negligent.

31. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Negligence Gross negligence Willful and wanton Vicarious liability

32. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Two Primary Considerations Was the emergency vehicle responding to a true emergency? Did the emergency vehicle driver exercise due regard for the safety of others?

33. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Other Legal Liability Issues Every ESO must consider other factors which include: –Failure to report crashes or using improper reporting procedures –Exceeding load capacity of the vehicle –Failure to conduct/record vehicle inspections –Failure to provide training –Responsibility for passenger possessions –Failure to maintain training records

34. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CDL

35. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Key Points of Law Federal, state, provincial, and local laws dictate emergency vehicle operation. ESO requirements must incorporate and not contradict federal, state, or local requirements. There are certain situations where the emergency vehicle operator may be exempt from the regulations.

36. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Interpreting Rules, Regulations, and the Law Must exercise due regard for the safety of the crew, patients, passengers, and general public. Should not operate under emergency response conditions unless a true emergency exists. Need to “think safety” to avoid negligence charges.

37. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Case Study Recap Recommendations and Discussions from NIOSH.

38. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Summary Driving is a privilege. As an emergency vehicle operator, you are responsible for the safe and efficient preparation and response to the incident. Emergency responders need to be aware that at all times while performing your job, you are being held “legally accountable” for your actions.

39. Lindsey/Patrick Emergency Vehicle Operations © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Summary Rules, regulations, laws, and ordinances exist to maintain order and keep everyone as safe as possible. Prudent driving habits reflect adherence to these laws and standards. The education and training of emergency and related vehicle drivers in their legal responsibilities is absolutely imperative.