1. Introduction to the Endocrine System7

2. Simple Endocrine Reflex: Parathyroid Hormone
Figure 7-10

3. Neurohormones: Major Groups
Adrenal medulla
Catecholamines
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary

4. The Pituitary Gland Anatomy
Figure 7-11

5. The Pituitary Gland: Two Fused
Posterior pituitary
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Figure 7-12 (1 of 4)

6. The Pituitary Gland: Two Fused
Figure 7-12 (2 of 4)

7. The Pituitary Gland: Two Fused
Figure 7-12 (3 of 4)

8. The Pituitary Gland: Two Fused
Figure 7-12 (4 of 4)

9. The Pituitary Gland: Two Fused
Figure 7-12

10. The Pituitary Gland: Two Fused
Hormones of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway
Figure 7-13

11. Endocrine Control Three levels Hypothalamic stimulation—from CNS
Pituitary stimulation—from hypothalamic trophic hormones
Endocrine gland stimulation—from pituitary trophic hormones

12. Negative Feedback Controls
Long-loop feedback
Short-loop feedback
Figure 7-14

13. Control Pathway for Cortisol Secretion
Figure 7-15

14. The Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System
Figure 7-16

15. A Complex Endocrine Pathway
PLAY
Animation: Endocrine System: The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
Figure 7-17

16. Hormone Interactions Synergism Permissiveness Antagonism
Multiple stimuli—more than additive
Permissiveness
Need second hormone to get full expression
Antagonism
Glucagons opposes insulin

17. Example of Synergism
Figure 7-18

18. Endocrine Pathologies
Exogenous medication
Replaces and exceeds normal
Cause atrophy of gland
Figure 7-19

19. Endocrine Pathologies
Hypersecretion: excess hormone
Tumors or cancer
Grave’s disease—thyroxin
Hyposecretion: deficient hormone
Goiter—thyroxin
Diabetes—insulin

20. Pathologies: Due to Receptors
Downregulation
Hyperinsulinemia
Transduction abnormalities
Testicular feminization syndrome
Pseudohypothyroidism
Abnormalities of control mechanisms

21. Primary and Secondary Pathologies
PLAY
Animation: Endocrine System: Response to Stress
Figure 7-20

22. Hormone Evolution Evolutionary conservation of hormone function
Comparative endocrinology
Pineal gland and melatonin example

23. Pineal Gland and Melatonin
Influences body clock and antioxidant activity
Other roles need research
SAAD and sexual behavior

24. Pineal Gland and Melatonin
Figure (1 of 3)

25. Pineal Gland and Melatonin
Figure 7-22 (2 of 3)

26. Pineal Gland and Melatonin
Figure 7-22 (3 of 3)

27. Summary Introduction to hormones
Classifications and features of hormones
Regulation controlled by the endocrine and nervous systems
Interactions of hormones with other hormones
Endocrine pathologies
Hormone evolution