1. N A S A G O D D A R D S P A C E F L I G H T C E N T E R I n t e g r a t e d D e s i g n C a p a b i l i t y / I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y MAXIM Periscope Module Optics Dennis Charles Evans 25 April 2003

2. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p2 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Mirror Parameters 30 cm TBD Active area is 30 cm long by either 2,10 or 30 cm wide- so THREE different types of mirror modules for a trade study Surface figure requirement:  /200 rms (at 633nm) Mirror mass must be minimized Surface Figure and Micro-roughness indicate a stable glass substrate such as ULE, ultra low expansion glass For Baseline, width was set at 20 cm so metallic silicon could be used. 2,10, and 30 cm TRADE STUDY Mirror surface

3. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p3 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Lightweight ULE Mirror

4. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p4 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Kodak Lightweight Cryostable Mirror

5. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p5 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Kodak Lightweight Cryostable Mirror

6. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p6 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module MAXIM Pathfinder IMDC Study May 2002 Science Phase #2 High Resolution (100 nas) 1 km 20,000 km ATAN 0.5/20000 = 5.156620 arc sec

7. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p7 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Collector Area Collecting Area Each Unit is a collection of 2 sets of 4 mirrors on one common bench 30 × SIN 1 = 0.52357219311850536 cm projected width 0.52357219311850536 ×20 = 10.471443862370108 cm 2 Each 20 cm wide set has 10.47 cm 2 collecting area Goal is to have 1000 cm 2 area Hub= 6 units (12 sets)[ 48 mirrors] Satellite= 25 (4 sets)[400 mirrors] ((25 × 4)+12) × 10.46 = 1172.64 ((25 × 4)+12) × 8.9286 = 1000.0031999999998 –8.9286 ÷ 0.52357219311850536 = 17.053235670938506 Clear Width –28 × SIN 1 = 0.48866738024393832 0.48866738024393832×18.272 = 8.92893037181724 Mirrors Physical: 30 cm long and 20 cm wide Clear Footprint: 28 cm long and 18.272 cm wide

8. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p8 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Collector Area & Free Flier Tradeoff AperturesBaseline 30 x 20 cm blanks 8.929 cm 2 Baseline x 1.5 30 x 29 cm blanks 13.394 cm 2 Hub[6x2=12] 107.1 cm 2 [4 x 2=8] 160.7 cm 2 Free Fliers[25 x 4=100] 892.9 cm 2 [17 x 4=68] 910.8 cm 2 Total Area1000 cm 2 1071.5 cm 2 Mass Ratio1x 31=311.5 x 21 = 31.5 CostBaseline17/25=0.68 for FF S/C!

9. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p9 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Aperture Locations at 20,000 and 500 km Focal Length ZEMAX Configurations Location_20000 Location_500 1 0 10 1 0 0.25 2 60 11.8 2 60 0.295 3 120 13.9 3 120 0.3475 4 180 16.4 4 180 0.41 5 240 19.4 5 240 0.485 6 300 22.9 6 300 0.5725 7 0 27 7 0 0.675 8 60 31.9 8 60 0.7975 9 120 37.6 9 120 0.94 10 180 44.4 10 180 1.11 11 240 52.3 11 240 1.3075 12 300 61.8 12 300 1.545 13 0 72.9 13 0 1.8225 14 60 86 14 60 2.15 15 120 101.5 15 120 2.5375 16 180 120 16 180 3 17 240 141.3 17 240 3.5325 18 300 166.7 18 300 4.1675 19 0 196.7 19 0 4.9175 20 60 232.1 20 60 5.8025 21 120 274.9 21 120 6.8725 22 180 323.2 22 180 8.08 23 240 381.4 23 240 9.535 24 300 450.1 24 300 11.2525 25 0 531.1 25 0 13.2775 26 0 0 26 0 0

10. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p10 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Aperture Locations

11. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p11 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Aperture Locations (central area) 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

12. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p12 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Optical Layout F R (F 2 +R 2 )^ 0.5 OPD R OPD/R = R/ (F 2 +R 2 )^ 0.5 OPD=R 2 / (F 2 +R 2 )^ 0.5

13. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p13 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Maxim “Quadriscope” Layout

14. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p14 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Sample Mirror Arrangement (10  example) Using RTL to calculate central ray path Delay Line Shift of 1 micron = 698 A Path Difference

15. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p15 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Total Optical Path Differences Total Optical Path Difference (meters) R=13.2775 ; F=500000 ; OPD=(R*2)÷((R*2)+(F*2))*0.5 ; OPD 0.00035258401237568448 (352584 nm) R=.25 ; F=500000 ; OPD=(R*2)÷((R*2)+(F*2))*0.5 ; OPD 1.2499999999998436E¯7 (125 nm) Delay Line Sensitivity 352584 ÷ 69.8 = 5051.34670487106 units of 0.1 micron = 505 microns = 0.000505 meters

16. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p16 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Airy Diffraction “Rings” for 500 km OPD=1250A 500km OPD=31.25A 20000km Focal Distance = 500 000 000 mm “Diameter” mm Airy Radius microns Airy Radius arc-sec 2500024.40.000 010 2003.0500.000 413 5122.0000.050 327

17. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p17 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Interference Fringes Pathlength Differences D 1 wavelength = 1 nm (10 Angstroms) A D=0.0000005 mm/TAN 5.156620/3600. = 0.020000 mm or 50 lines/mm 0.5 nm

18. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p18 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module All 25 configurations geometrically aligned

19. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p19 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1

20. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p20 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 4

21. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p21 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 4 7

22. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p22 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 4 7 10

23. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p23 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 4 7 10 13

24. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p24 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 4 7 10 13 16

25. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p25 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 4 7 10 13 16 19

26. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p26 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22

27. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p27 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25

28. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p28 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25

29. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p29 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25

30. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p30 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 13 16 19 22 25

31. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p31 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 13 16 19 22 25

32. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p32 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 810 13 16 19 22 25

33. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p33 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 13 16 19 22 25

34. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p34 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 1113 16 19 22 25

35. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p35 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 19 22 25

36. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p36 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 19 22 25

37. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p37 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 19 22 25

38. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p38 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 22 25

39. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p39 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 22 25

40. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p40 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 25

41. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p41 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 25

42. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p42 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25

43. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p43 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

44. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p44 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Polychromatic Wavelengths For an 0.8A bandwidth and a center wavelength of 10A, the coherence length (resonance length) is approximately 125 A.

45. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p45 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Configuration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

46. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p46 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Y Cross section, All 25 Apertures, not phased

47. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p47 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Y Cross section, All 25 Apertures, not phased

48. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p48 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module X Cross section, All 25 Apertures, not phased

49. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p49 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Polychromatic Phasing, 22 & 25

50. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p50 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Polychromatic Phasing, 22 & 25

51. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p51 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Multi-configuration Variables 1:1: 1: Quadriscope Free Flier Azimuth (0=North) 2: Quadriscope Free Flier Radius distance 3: Inversion for Southern Quadriscopes 4: Mirror 4 X-Tilt 5: Mirror 4 Y-Tilt (Roll along length) 6: Mirror 1 Glass (use ‘blank’ as shutter) 7: Delay Line Shift (0.0000001m = 69.8 A OPD)

52. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p52 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Next Steps Fringe Phasing –monochromatic –polychromatic (12 wavelengths in ZEMAX) –Problem: It looks like ZEMAX is using paraxial parameters to compute optical paths for each calculation and not adjusting for real optical path. –Delay line shifts of 0.0005 meters did not produce any effect in the fringe patterns. –Shifts of 10 mm blocked the path and no image (no pupil) was produced. –A Non-Sequential model may resolve this???? Extend Source Image –“F” –Star Image

53. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p53 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Next Steps – “F” Source F F F F F F F F F F F F R, Theta X Y or multiple Z rolls Next

54. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p54 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Back-up Slides

55. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p55 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module MAXIM Periscope Improved Mirror Grouping Group and package Primary and Secondary Mirrors as “Periscope” Pairs

56. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p56 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module AutoCAD Layout Drawing

57. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p57 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module  1  @ 25 meters, Separation =  446.8529mm

58. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p58 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Interference Fringes D 1 wavelength = 0.1 mm 11 D=0.050/TAN 1  = 2.86 mm. 20mm/2.86mm=6.99 0.050mm

59. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p59 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Nonsequential Model Two Periscopes, 180 , 100 

60. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p60 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Upper Periscope

61. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p61 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Geometric Ray Trace

62. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p62 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module 100 microns wavelength

63. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p63 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Solid Model 100 micron wavelength

64. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p64 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module 50 micron wavelength

65. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p65 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Solid Model 50 micron wavelength

66. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p66 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module 12.5 micron wavelength

67. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p67 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module 12.5 microns, 1/8 size

68. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p68 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module 1.5625 microns, 1/8 size

69. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p69 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Sequential

70. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p70 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Periscope Mirrors Four configurations

71. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p71 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Sequential, 100 ,

72. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p72 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Nonsequential Two (180  ) Configurations

73. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p73 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Nonsequential All Four Configurations

74. I n s t r u m e n t S y n t h e s i s & A n a l y s i s L a b o r a t o r y Optics, p74 Final Version 25 April 2003 MAXIM Periscope Module Interpretation of Models Nonsequential Model –ZEMAX is calculating pathlength and phase correctly. –The model is approximately a dual slit ZEMAX does not seem to be calculating intensity roll-off at all Sequential Model –The results from the sequential model, All Configurations, appears to be exactly the same as the Nonsequential model.