1.  Nationalism precedes Western intervention  Muhammad Ali’s Reforms  European Intervention  Cotton  Khedive debt  Islamic resistance  Suez Canal  Obabi Rebellion  British administration Khedive Tawfiq PashaKhedive Tawfiq Pasha of Egypt (1852–1892) seated on a fauteuil and surrounded by his wife and children. Standing on the left is his wife Princess Amina Elhami (1858–1931). Next to her are Princess Nimet (1882–1965) and Prince Abbas Hilmi (1874–1944), sitting on the floor. On the right side of the photograph are Prince Muhammad Ali (1875– 1955) and Princess Khadiga (1880–1951).Prince Abbas HilmiPrince Muhammad Ali

2.  Lord Cromer’s reforms  Elite benefit  Middle Class lead resistance  1890 First Nationalist Party Formed  Did not speak to the majority  Dinshawai incident  British grant Egypt constitution & Parliamentary representation  WWI and British martial law end push for rights

3.  Consensus replaces revolution  Powers to Parliament  Broader representation  Nationalism  Unification  More powerful king  Less powerful Pope  Transformiso philosophy