1. Exploration & Colonization of The Americas

2. I. The Spanish Caribbean A. The indigenous Tainos or Arawaks Taino Indians, Dominican Rep., 1500 CE B. The Encomienda system 1. subjugated by the Spanish to mine gold & silver 2. Brutality & smallpox led to a decrease in the population 3. By early 17th century, the Taino pop. no longer exists. 1. System provided land grants given to Spanish settlers. 2. Tainos forced into labor in exchange for provisions.

3. II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru A. The Aztecs (Mexico) and Incas (Peru) 1. The empires of Meso & South America were wealthier and more complex than Caribbean societies. B. Hernan Cortes 1. Conquers Aztecs 1519-21 2. Internal strife and disease allow Spanish to defeat these groups. 3. Technology (steel swords, muskets, cannons and horses) gave Spanish the advantage. C. Francisco Pizarro 1. Conquers Incas 1532-33

4. II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru (continued) Europeans Technological advancements enslavement & subjugation

5. III. Iberian Empires in the Americas B. The Spanish formalize their rule 1. New Spain & New Castile - each governed by viceroys 2. audiencias are set up to check the power of the viceroys 3. urban centers develop as a result of Spanish rule C. Portuguese establish imperial presence in Brazil. A. Treaty of Tordesillas 1. Divides South America between Spanish and Portuguese rule.

6. IV. Colonization of North America A. France & England 1. Colonization on east coast, exploration of west coast 2. Migration patterns show more family based settlement.(laws prevented miscegenation) 3. Sought fur, fish, trade routes  early 17 th century 4. Suffered from isolation & food shortages Jamestown Colony 1607

7. Spanish & Portuguese Colonization Both Groups French and English Colonization Male-based migration with strictly econ. motives. Both seeking opportunities Family-based migration with resettlement focus. Royal sponsorship with use of viceroys Royal oversight with private investment Mingled with the natives to create a more intricate hierarchy. Maintain separation of cultures. Used indigenous population as a labor source (encomineda, engenho, mita) Both utilized African slave labor Indentured servants Mining of gold and silverBoth cultivated cash crops Profited from the fur trade, tobacco, and fishing Colonization Venn Charts

8. Spanish & Portuguese Colonization Both Groups French and English Colonization Migration dominated by malesMigration more family-based Caribbean, S. & N. AmericaNorth America Used as a source of labor (encomienda, mita, engenho) Reliance on the indigenous pop. and eventually the African slave trade As a means of survival, trade Royal sponsorship and use of viceroys Royal oversight with private investment Imposition of power through force. Resettlement was more of a focus. Missionary efforts were more successful Missionary efforts were less successful Integration of groups was common More segregated (us & them) miningagricultureFur trade, fishing

9. B. Relations with indigenous people 1. Settlers interrupt migrations of indigenous peoples. 2. Lands seized & justified with treaties 3. Natives raided farms & villages – lead to reprisals by settlers. 4. 1500 - 1800, native pop. decreases by 90% Colonial Justice IV. Colonization of North America (continued)

10. Colonization of North America

11. Colonial Society: S. America Formation of multicultural societies  People of varied ancestry lived together under European rule  Social hierarchy  Iberian colonies:  Whites (peninsulares & creoles)  Mixed (mestizos & zambos)  Africans & natives = bottom  mestizo societies emerge  Brazil more mixed:  mestizos, mulattoes, zambos

12. Colonial Society: No. America  Greater gender balance among settlers  Allowed marriage within own groups  Relations with French traders & native women  métis (Euro + native)  English frowned on interracial marriages  Cultural borrowing: plants, crops, deerskin clothes

13. Spanish Colonial Economy: Mining  Silver & gold  basis of Spanish wealth  Two major sites of silver mining: Zacatecas (Mexico) & Potosi (Peru)  Global significance of silver  20% of silver went to royal treasury (the quinto)  Funded military & bureaucracy  Went to European, then to Asian markets for luxury goods Potosi Silver Mine

14. Spanish Colonial Economy: Agriculture  Haciendas  basis of Spanish Am. production  Produced foodstuffs for local use  Encomienda  repartimiento  Encomienda system seen as abusive  Repartimiento replaces conscript & slave with contract labor  free laborers by mid-17 th century  Native Resistance  Rebellion, indolence, retreat  Difficult to register complaints

15. Portuguese Colonial Economy  Sugar and slavery in Brazil  Dependent on sugar production  Brazilian life revolved around the sugar mill, or engenho  Combined agricultural & industrial enterprises  Sugar planters  landed nobility Brazilian Sugar Plantation

16. Portuguese Colonial Economy  Growth of slavery in Brazil  Natives were not cultivators  resisted farm labor  Disease  indigenous pop.  Imported African slaves for cane & sugar production after 1530   deaths  births   demand for slaves  1 ton of sugar = 1 human life Slaves Harvesting Sugarcane

17. North Am. Colonial Economy  Fur traders  Fur trade extremely profitable  Natives trapped for & traded with Europeans  Impact of fur trade  Environmental  conflicts among natives competing for resources Fur Traders

18. North Am. Colonial Economy  European settlers threatened natives  Cash crops--tobacco, rice, indigo, & cotton  Indentured labor in 17 th & 18 th centuries  Replaced by Slaves in late 17 th century  New England merchants participated in slave trade, distillation of rum Tobacco Plantation

19. Colonial Religion: Christianity  Spanish missionaries  Est. mission schools & churches  Some record native languages & traditions  Attracted many proselytes  French & English missionaries  English  not interested in native conversion  French  moderate success Indians @ Mission Ventura