1. Ecology

2. What is Ecology? Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. Biosphere contains the combined portions of the planet in which life exists, including land, water, and air or atmosphere. Biosphere contains the combined portions of the planet in which life exists, including land, water, and air or atmosphere.

3. Introduction to Ecology Click on me http://www.copernicusproject.ucr.edu/ssi/HighSchoolBioResources/Ecology/Introduction_to_Ecology__Ecosystems_and_Biomes.asf

4. Levels of Organization Species is a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed. Species is a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed. Population are groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. Population are groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. Communities are assemblages of the different populations that live together ina defined area. Communities are assemblages of the different populations that live together ina defined area.

5. Ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live together in a particular place as well as their nonliving or physical environment. Ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live together in a particular place as well as their nonliving or physical environment. Biome is a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities. Biome is a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities.

6. Energy Flow Sunlight is the main source of energy for life on Earth. Sunlight is the main source of energy for life on Earth. Some types of organisms rely on the energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds. Some types of organisms rely on the energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds. Autotrophs (producers) use energy from the environment to fuel assembly of simple compounds into complex organic molecules. Autotrophs (producers) use energy from the environment to fuel assembly of simple compounds into complex organic molecules.

7. Energy Flow: Autotrophs The best know autotrophs are those that harness the power of the sun through photosynthesis. They use this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. The best know autotrophs are those that harness the power of the sun through photosynthesis. They use this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. The second type of autotrophs use chemical energy to make carbohydrates. This is performed by several types of bacteria. The second type of autotrophs use chemical energy to make carbohydrates. This is performed by several types of bacteria. Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis

8. Energy Flow: Consumers Heterotrophs (consumers) rely on other organisms for their energy and food. Heterotrophs (consumers) rely on other organisms for their energy and food. Herbivores obtain energy by eating plants. Herbivores obtain energy by eating plants. Carnivores eat animals. Carnivores eat animals. Omnivores eat both plants and animals. Omnivores eat both plants and animals.

9. Detritivores feed on the remains of plants, animals and other dead matter. Detritivores feed on the remains of plants, animals and other dead matter. -Saprophytes absorb nutrients from dead and -Saprophytes absorb nutrients from dead and decaying matter…fungi are saprophytes. decaying matter…fungi are saprophytes. Decomposers breaks down organic matter. Decomposers breaks down organic matter. Parasites get nutrients from a live host Parasites get nutrients from a live host (ex: athletes foot fungi, mistletoe plant, tapeworm) (ex: athletes foot fungi, mistletoe plant, tapeworm)

10. Introduction to Energy Flow Click on me! http://www.copernicusproject.ucr.edu/ssi/HighSchoolBioResources/Ecology/Introduction_to_the_Flow_of_Matter_and_Energy.asf

11. Feeding Relationships Energy flow through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various heterotrophs (consumers). Energy flow through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various heterotrophs (consumers). Food Chains are a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten. Food Chains are a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten.

12. Food webs show the complex interactions within an ecosystem. Food webs show the complex interactions within an ecosystem. Each step in a food chain or web is called a trophic level. Producers make up the first step, consumers make up the higher levels. Each step in a food chain or web is called a trophic level. Producers make up the first step, consumers make up the higher levels.

13. Food Webs & Food Chains Food Webs & Food Chains Click on me! http://www.copernicusproject.ucr.edu/ssi/HighSchoolBioResources/Ecology/Food_Chains_and_Food_Webs.asf

14. Ecological Pyramids An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the relationship amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food web or food chain. An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the relationship amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food web or food chain. Energy Pyramid only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level. Energy Pyramid only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level.

15. Trophic level *Only 10% of energy is able to be used from food for growth *90% of the energy from what is eaten is lost 90% 10% Energy lost through Metabolism

16. Pyramids Continued Biomass pyramids show the total amount of living tissue available at each trophic level. This shows the amount of tissue available for the next trophic level. Biomass pyramids show the total amount of living tissue available at each trophic level. This shows the amount of tissue available for the next trophic level. Numbers pyramid shows the number of species at each trophic level. Numbers pyramid shows the number of species at each trophic level. Because each trophic level harvests only about one tenth of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one 10 th the amount of living tissue. Because each trophic level harvests only about one tenth of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one 10 th the amount of living tissue.

19. Pyramids Click on me! http://www.copernicusproject.ucr.edu/ssi/HighSchoolBioResources/Ecology/Pyramids_of_Energy_and_Numbers__Consumer_Levels.asf

20. Behavioral Interactions Behavioral Interactions Predator Prey interactions Predator Prey interactions Competition Competition Mutualism Mutualism Commensalism Commensalism Parasitism/saprophyte Parasitism/saprophyte Coevolution Coevolution Symbiosis Symbiosis

21. Predator Prey interactions Predator Prey interactions

22. Competition When there are more than one organism utilizing the same environment and resources. One usually becomes dominant. When there are more than one organism utilizing the same environment and resources. One usually becomes dominant.

23. Symbiosis Two or more species interact in permanent relationships. Two or more species interact in permanent relationships. - mutualism - mutualism - parasitism - parasitism - commensalism - commensalism

24. Mutualism Interactions between organisms that benefits both. Interactions between organisms that benefits both. Ex: Flowers and their pollinators

25. Commensalism One species does not harm or help another One species does not harm or help another Ex: barnacles on a whale

26. Parasitism Beneficial to the parasite,but harms the host. Beneficial to the parasite,but harms the host. Ex: Tapeworm in cattle

27. Coevolution Long term evolutionary adjustments of species to one another. Long term evolutionary adjustments of species to one another. Ex. A flower pollinated by a bat

28. Abiotic Factor: *Non-living items that effect living organisms and their environment Ex: Temperature, sunlight, rocks, soil, climate, topography…..

29. Biotic Factor: Living components of an ecosystem Living components of an ecosystem Living organisms that effect other living organisms Living organisms that effect other living organisms Ex: bacteria, fungi, plants, animals… Ex: bacteria, fungi, plants, animals…

30. Biotic? Abiotic?

31. Cycles of Matter Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. These cycles are the water cycle, Nutrient Cycle, Carbon Cycle, nitrogen cycle and phosphorus cycle. These cycles are the water cycle, Nutrient Cycle, Carbon Cycle, nitrogen cycle and phosphorus cycle.

33. Water Cycle *All living things are composed mainly of water, but most of the water on Earth lies in the environment (e.g. in lakes, oceans, streams, and the air). *The movement of water from the physical environment, and through the biological environment is driven by the sun. * In the physical environment the sun, Earth, ground, the surface of streams, lakes, oceans, air currents *The Biological environment : animals and plants

34. Water Cycle Water Cycle Click on me! http://www.copernicusproject.ucr.edu/ssi/HighSchoolBioResources/Ecology/The_Water_Cycle.asf

35. Water Cycle Water Cycle http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/ watercycle/watercycleq.html http://www.teachersdomain.org/resources/ess05/sci/es s/watcyc/watercycle/assets/ess05_vid_watercycle/ess0 5_vid_watercycle_56_mov.html

37. *Proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic chemicals contain nitrogen *Nitrogen makes up 79% of Earth's atmosphere *organisms can not use nitrogen gas (N 2 ). *N 2 enters the trophic system through a process called Nitrogen fixation. Bacteria found on the roots of some plants can fix N 2 to organic molecules, making proteins, animals get their nitrogen by eating plants, animals releases nitrogen in their urine. *Fish releases NH 3, but NH 3 when concentrated, is poisonous to living organisms. So organisms must dilute NH 3 with a lot of water. Living in water, fish have no problem with this requirements, but terrestrial animals have problems. They convert NH 3 into urine, or another chemical that is not as poisonous as NH 3. The process that releases NH 3 is called ammonification.

38. * NH3 is poisonous, most of the NH3 which is released is untouchable. But soil bacteria have the ability to assimilate NH3 into proteins. These bacteria effectively eats the NH3, and make proteins from it. This process is called assimilation. *Some soil bacteria does not convert NH3 into proteins, but they make nitrate NO3- instead. This process is called nitrification. Some plants can use NO3-, consuming nitrate and making proteins. Some soil bacteria, however, takes NO3-, and converts it into N2, returning nitrogen gas back into the atmosphere. This last process is called denitrification, because it breaks nitrate apart.

39. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Click on me! http://www.copernicusproject.ucr.edu/ssi/HighSchoolBioResources/Ecology/The_Nitrogen_Cycle.asf

40. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle http://www.nodvin.net/snhu/SCI219/demos/Chapter_3/ Chapter_03/Present/animations/32_2_1a.html http://www.nodvin.net/snhu/SCI219/demos/Chapter_3/ Chapter_03/Present/animations/32_2_1i.html Quick Quiz

42. Carbon Cycle *Organic chemicals are made from carbon *Carbon moves between the biological to the physical environment. *Earth's atmosphere contains 0.035% carbon dioxide, CO2, and the biological environment depends upon plants to pull carbon into sugars, proteins, and fats. *In photosynthesis, plants use sunlight to bind carbon to glucose, releasing oxygen (O2) *Animals obtain their carbon by eating plants *Carbon moves through the biotic environment through the trophic system. Herbivore eat plants, but are themselves eaten by carnivores.

43. Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle Click on me! http://www.copernicusproject.ucr.edu/ssi/HighSchoolBioResources/Ecology/The_Carbon_Cycle__Recycling_Matter.asf

44. Oxygen Carbon Cycle Oxygen Carbon Cycle Click here!

45. Oxygen Carbon Cycle Oxygen Carbon Cycle Click here! http://www.copernicusproject.ucr.edu/ssi/HighSchoolBioResources/Ecology/The_Oxygen_Carbon_Dioxide_Cycle.asf

46. Global Carbon Cycle and Man http://www.nodvin.net/snhu/SCI219/dem os/Chapter_3/Chapter_03/Present/animati ons/51_1_3_1.html http://www.nodvin.net/snhu/SCI219/dem os/Chapter_3/Chapter_03/Present/animati ons/51_1_3_1.html http://www.nodvin.net/snhu/SCI219/dem os/Chapter_3/Chapter_03/Present/animati ons/51_1_3_1.html http://www.nodvin.net/snhu/SCI219/dem os/Chapter_3/Chapter_03/Present/animati ons/51_1_3_1.html

47. Linking Ocean and Terrestrial Carbon Cycles http://www.nodvin.net/snhu/SCI219/dem os/Chapter_3/Chapter_03/Present/animati ons/51_1_2_1.html http://www.nodvin.net/snhu/SCI219/dem os/Chapter_3/Chapter_03/Present/animati ons/51_1_2_1.html http://www.nodvin.net/snhu/SCI219/dem os/Chapter_3/Chapter_03/Present/animati ons/51_1_2_1.html http://www.nodvin.net/snhu/SCI219/dem os/Chapter_3/Chapter_03/Present/animati ons/51_1_2_1.html