1.  C.N. 3.2 The Market Revolution  Essential Question  Essential Question:  How did new inventions & improved transportation help facilitate a national market economy and increase national and regional identity? in the 1840s?  How did geography and developments in transportation affect migration, the economy, and the development of different regions of North America?  To what extent did the market revolution exacerbate or amplify political, social, and economic divisions within the growing national fabric?

2.  In the 1830s & 1840s, territorial & technological growth led to important changes in America:  Nationalistic feelings from War of 1812  Improved transportation  Rapid technological innovation national  A growing national economy  Mass European immigration  Desire for transcontinental expansion (“Manifest Destiny”)

3. American System  In 1816, Henry Clay’s American System initiated federally funded “internal improvements” National Road  The National Road became the 1 st federal transportation project  Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs  Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation

4. America's 1 st Turnpike: Lancaster, PA 1790 America's 1 st Turnpike: Lancaster, PA 1790 By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities

5. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

6. Steamboats & canals stimulated commercial agriculture by providing for the free-flow of manufactured goods to the West

7.  Mississippi & Ohio Rivers helped farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West:  Fulton’s invention of steamboats helped connect the West with Northern manufacturing  State-directed canal projects cut shipping costs by 90% between the West & the North Steamboats provided upstream shipping with reduce costs & increased speeds

8. Robert Fulton’ s Steamboat The Clermont

9. The Erie Canal (1825) provided the 1 st link between East & West The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the U.S.

10. Inland Freight Rates

11.  In 1840s, railroads began to challenge canals’ dominance  Stimulated industrial & commercial agricultural growth

12. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

13.  Immigrant labor built railroads in the North  Slave labor built railroads in the South The Expansion of Railroads by Region Railroad Expansion by 1860

14. Jackson’s assault on the 2 nd BUS in the 1830s, killed Clay’s “American System” but it did not stop transportation improvements

16.  In the 1840s, American industrial production became more efficient:  Due to numerous industrial innovations, growth of factories, & a demand for goods from farmers in West & South  Led to an increased urbanization in the North & an increase in commercial farming in south and west

17.  The antebellum era saw a boom in specialized, staple-crop, “commercial” farming due to:  Lower transportation costs  New agricultural innovations like McCormick’s mechanical reaper, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the steel plow, thresher, & cultivator  The use of long-distance marketing & credit to sell crops Ohio, NY, & PA specialized in wheat while the South grew tobacco, rice, & cotton

18. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793 Actually invented by a slave!

19. John Deere & the Steel Plow

20. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper

21.  In 1815, 65% of all U.S. clothing was made by women at home in the “putting out” system  By 1840, textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England, due to a series of new inventions  The most famous factory was the Lowell Mill in Boston  Still, only 9% of Americans were involved in manufacturing Brought families extra income “Cottage Industry”

22. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”) Early Textile Loom

23. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

24. Eli Whitney’s Other Critical Invention Introduced Interchangeable Rifle Parts

25. Samuel Morse’s Telegraph in 1840 Cyrus Field’s Transatlantic Cable, 1858

26. The Lowell System: The 1 st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814 Lowell Boarding Houses

27. Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

28.  Young women from New England farms worked in the Lowell textile mills.  By the 1830s, mill owners cut wages and ended their paternalistic practices.  The result was strikes and the replacement of the young women with more manageable Irish immigrants.

29. New England Dominance in Textiles

30.  1840s: Factory labor begins shifting from women, children to men  Immigrants dominate new working class  Settle in Ethnic Neighborhoods  Employers less involved with laborers  Post-1837 employers demand more work for less pay  Unions organized to defend worker rights

31.  Nativism: hatred of foreigners  "Know- Nothing" party  Sought restrictions on immigration and naturalization  wanted laws to deport poor aliens  Episodes of mass violence occurred in some larger cities.  Irish and German discrimination  Nativists feared immigrants would overpopulate and unduly influence politics.  Did not like their catholic religions  Catholics eventually constructed a separate parochial educational system.

32.  The gap between rich and poor grew rapidly.  Economic class was reflected by residence as:  poor people (nearly 70 percent of the city) lived in cheap rented housing  middle-class residents (25-30 percent) lived in more comfortable homes  very rich (about 3 percent) built mansions and large town houses.

33.  Increased cotton demand from New England textile factories  Eli Whitney and the cotton gin  New, fertile land available in old Southwest  Slavery permitted large-scale operation

34.  90% of slaves lived on plantations or farms  Most slaves on cotton plantations worked sunup to sundown, 6 days/week  About 75% of slaves were field workers, about 5% worked in industry  Urban slaves had more autonomy than rural slaves

35. The Antebellum South  Cotton production divided society in the Deep South:  Large plantations with lots of slaves made good money  Poor yeoman (with few or no slaves) mixed commercial & subsistence farming

37. Slave Population, 1840Slave Population, 1860

38. The Antebellum West  Land was cheap  Settlers transformed the West from wilderness to cash-producing farms:  Wheat & corn  Hogs & cattle  Better transportation made it easier for farmers to get their goods to market

39. The Antebellum North  Shifted from yeoman to small commercial farming  Made manufactured goods for farmers in the West & South  Experienced rapid urbanization

41. American Population Centers in 1820 American Population Centers in 1860

42.  New innovations made work easier & improved American industry & agriculture  However, the U.S. was not an “industrial society” in the 1840s  60% of the population were still involved in farming  Most production was still done traditionally in small workshops

43. A. East 1. More industrial; made machines and textiles for other two regions a. By 1861, owned 81% of U.S. industrial capacity. b. Most populous region; 70% of manufacturing workers B. South: 1. Cotton for export to New England and Britain; slavery 2. Resisted change to its economy and culture 3. Some industrial growth but output never exceeded 2% value of cotton crop C. West: 1. Became nation’s breadbasket: Grain and livestock 2. Fastest growing population D. Political implications 1. Two northern sections (East and West) closely interconnected economically 2. South would be isolated.

44. National UnitySectionalism