1. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh Edition Solomon Berg Martin Chapter 40 Neural Regulation

2. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Nerve nets Radially symmetrical invertebrates Nerve cells scattered throughout the body

3. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Hydra’s nerve net

4. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Radial nervous systems Radially symmetrical invertebrates Nerve ring and nerves that extend to various parts of the body

5. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Bilateral nervous systems Bilaterally symmetrical animals Nerve cells form nerves, nerve cords, ganglia, and brain Sense organs concentrated in the head region

6. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Bilateral nervous systems Wide range of responses –Increased number of association neurons –More complex synaptic contacts permit a planarian flatworms

7. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Planarian flatworms Cerebral ganglia Two solid ventral nerve cords connected by transverse nerves

8. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Ladder-type nervous system in flatworms

9. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Annelids and arthropods Ventral nerve cord Numerous ganglia Cerebral ganglia of arthropods have specialized regions Cephalopod mollusks Complex nervous systems Neurons in a central region

10. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Annelid and arthropod nervous systems

11. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Evolutionary trends Increased numbers and concentration of nerve cells Specialization of function Increased number of association neurons More complex synaptic contacts Formation of a head

12. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Vertebrate nervous system Central nervous system (CNS) –Brain –Dorsal, tubular spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) –Sensory receptors –Nerves

13. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Vertebrate brain development Brain and spinal cord arise from the neural tube Anterior end of the tube differentiates into –Forebrain –Midbrain –Hindbrain

14. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Early development of the vertebrate nervous system

15. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Section through the human brain

16. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Hindbrain subdivides into Metencephalon Myelencephalon

17. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Myelencephalon develops into the medulla Vital centers Other reflex centers Fourth ventricle –Communicates with the central canal of the spinal cord

18. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Metencephalon gives rise to the cerebellum Muscle tone Posture Equilibrium Pons –Connects various parts of the brain

19. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Midbrain Largest part of the brain in fishes and amphibians Main association area, linking sensory input and motor output Center for visual and auditory reflexes in reptiles, birds, and mammals

20. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Brain stem Medulla Pons Midbrain

21. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Forebrain differentiates to form the diencephalon and telencephalon Diencephalon develops into the thalamus and hypothalamus Thalamus Relay center for motor and sensory information

22. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Hypothalamus Controls autonomic functions Links nervous and endocrine systems Controls temperature, appetite, and fluid balance Emotional and sexual responses

23. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Telencephalon develops into the cerebrum and olfactory bulbs Cerebrum Divided into right and left hemispheres In fishes and amphibians, integrates sensory information

24. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation In birds, the corpus striatum controls complex behavior patterns, such as flying and singing In mammals, the neocortex accounts for a large part of the cerebral cortex

25. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Human brain and spinal cord Protected by bone and three meninges –Dura mater –Arachnoid –Pia mater Cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

26. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Spinal cord Transmits impulses to and from the brain Controls many reflex actions Gray matter contains nuclei that serve as reflex centers

27. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Structure of the spinal cord

28. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Ascending tracts Transmit information to the brain Descending tracts Transmit information from the brain

29. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Withdrawal reflex Sensory receptors Sensory neurons Interneurons Motor neurons Effectors

30. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Reflex action

31. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Human cerebral cortex Gray matter –Forms folds or convolutions Fissures –Deep furrows between the folds

32. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Cerebrum Sensory areas –Receive incoming sensory information Motor areas –Control voluntary movement

33. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Association areas –Link sensory and motor areas –Learning –Language –Thought –Judgment

34. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation The cerebrum consists of lobes Frontal lobes Parietal lobes Temporal lobes Occipital lobes

35. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Human brain

36. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation White matter of the cerebrum Lies beneath the cerebral cortex Corpus callosum –Large band of white matter –Connects right and left hemispheres

37. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Basal ganglia –Cluster of nuclei within the white matter –Important centers for motor function

38. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Sleep–wake pattern Regulated by the hypothalamus and brain stem

39. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Alpha wave patterns Relaxed states Beta wave patterns Accompany heightened mental activity

40. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Theta and delta waves Slower frequency Higher-amplitude Non-REM sleep

41. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation EEGs showing electrical activity in the brain

42. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Reticular activating system (RAS) Arousal system Neurons filter sensory input Selects which information is transmitted to the cerebrum

43. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Non-REM sleep Electrical activity of the cerebral cortex slows Metabolic rate slows REM sleep Dreaming

44. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Suprachiasmatic nucleus Main biological clock Receives information about light and dark Transmits it to other nuclei that regulate sleep

45. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Limbic system Emotional aspects of behavior Motivation Sexual behavior Autonomic responses Biological rhythms

46. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Hippocampus Categorizes information Consolidated memories Amygdala Evaluates incoming information Signals danger

47. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Learning Acquiring information as a result of experience Memory Information is encoded, stored, and retrieved

48. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Implicit memory Unconscious memory for perceptual and motor skills Explicit memory Factual memory of people, places, or objects

49. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Short-term memory Recall information for a few minutes Information can be transferred to long-term memory

50. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Synaptic plasticity Ability of the nervous system to modify synapses during learning and remembering Long-term memory storage Gene activation Long-term functional changes at synapses

51. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Long-term potentiation (LTP) Increased sensitivity to an action potential by a postsynaptic neuron Long-term depression (LTD) Long-lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic connections

52. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Peripheral nervous system Somatic division Responds to changes in the external environment Autonomic division Regulates the internal activities of the body

53. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Sympathetic system Permits the body to respond to stressful situations Parasympathetic system Influences organs to conserve and restore energy

54. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves Innervate many organs Function in an opposite way –Sympathetic system increases heart rate –Parasympathetic system decreases heart rate

55. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Dual innervation of the heart and stomach

56. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 40 Neural Regulation Drug actions and effects Alter mood Increase or decrease the concentrations of specific neurotransmitters within the brain