1. Hierarchal system kingdom phylum class order family genus species

2. Prokaryotae Kingdom Unicellular, microscopic Includes bacteria and blue-green algae No internal membrane bound organelles No nucleus Cell wall not cellulose, murein

3. Protoctista kingdom Unicellular; microscopic – mainly single cell organisms, no tissue differentiation Nucleus present – Eukaryotic (nucleus and membrane bound organelles) Autotrophic or heterotrophic Includes algae and protozoa Amoeba (heterotrophic) Euglena (autotrophic)

4. Fungi Eukaryotic No root, stem and leaf – Rigid cell walls of chitin Heterotrophic – Saprophytic or parasitic – No chlorophyll Reproduce by forming spores Includes mold, yeast, mushrooms bread mold rhizopus

5. Plantae Kingdom Eukaryotic – Multicellular – Photosynthetic (Autotrophic) – Cellulose cell wall Can be divided into two groups: – Non-flowering plants – Flowering plants – Mosses – Ferns – Conifers

6. Animalia Heterotrophic Multicellular eukaryotes No cell wall Nervous coordination Divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of backbone: – Invertebrates : without backbone – Vertebrates/Chordates : with backbone Only need to know Basic Features of: – Annelids – Arthropods (four subdivisions) – Chordates

7. Annelids - examples - earthworm, leech, and lugworm – Long thin segmented bodies with a closed circulatory system and oxygen carrying pigment – Fluid filled cavity and hydrostatic skeleton – Primitive brain and nervous system – specialised segments responsible for different functions, – thin permeable skin used for gas exchange lugworm earthworm leech

8. Arthropods have…. – an exoskeleton Made of chitin For support and to protect organs Allows muscle attachment for movement Protection from predators Reduces water loss Cannot grow and so must be shed periodically, leaving the organism unprotected while the new exoskeleton hardens

9. Arthropods-have – paired jointed legs For walking, swimming, jumping, feeding, reproduction, and sometimes gill ventilation – 3 body regions (head, thorax, abdomen) – fluid-filled body cavity – open circulatory system – well developed brain

10. Arthropods – examples : insects e.g. locust crustaceans e.g. lobster arachnids e.g. spider myriapods e.g. millipedes and centipedes

11. Insects Insects are the most successful group of animals on Earth. compound eyes terrestrial insects use tracheae for gas exchange 2 pairs of wings 3 pairs of legs in the adult stage (In the evolution of some insect groups these features may have been secondarily lost, e.g. no wings in fleas and lice.) locust

12. Crustaceans  2 body sections: cephalothorax and abdomen  2 pairs of Antennae  5 or more pairs of legs lobster

13. Arachnids 4 pairs of legs No antennae Usually two body sections spider

14. Myriapods Millipedes and centipedes Terrestrial Centipedes one pair of legs per segment Predators Millipedes 2 pair of legs per segment decomposers

15. Animals – Vertebrates (Chordates) possessing a vertebral column or backbone well developed brain enclosed in cranium internal skeleton

16. Vertebrates Divided into 5 phyla (groups) : – Fish – Amphibians – Reptiles – Birds – Mammals

17. Fish Aquatic Ectotherms Body covered with wet and slimy scales Streamline body for easy movement through water Fins for balance and to control movement Gills for gas exchange External fertilization

18. Amphibians Ectotherms Moist, scale less skin Limbs present – tetrapods Larvae (tadpoles) use gills for breathing; adults use lungs External fertilization Live on land but need water for part of the life cycle

19. Reptiles Ectotherms Body covered with dry, hard scales Live on land Breathe with lungs Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs

20. Birds Endotherms With feathers and wings Beak for feeding Lungs for breathing Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs Scales found on legs

21. Mammals Endotherms Hairs on skin and sweat glands Females have mammary glands for producing milk Lungs for breathing Double circulation Internal fertilization and gestation