1. Ali Saffar Shamshirgar
Solar Energy
Ali Saffar Shamshirgar
Denisa Dosenovicova
Esin Ören
Freddy Kukk
Jaanika Raud
Robert Võeras

2. Outline
Nature of solar energy Availability on Earth Technical potential Usage worldwide and in Estonia Solar energy technologies Advantages and disadvantages

3. Nature of Solar Energy
The Sun formed about 4,500,000,000 years ago and will burn on for about 5,000,000,000.
The Sun's energy source is believed to be the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen within the Sun.
In this process radiation
is emitted and radiation
itself is energy in
photon form.

4. Nature of Solar Energy
The Sun radiates all kinds of radiation, especially visible light
Everything absorbs at least some amount of light and that is converted into heat.
Photovoltaic solar cells use visible light

5. Solar Energy Potential
Sun’s power -> 3.85 × 1026 W
Earth receives -> 16.2 × 1016 W
Usable Solar exergy -> 16 GW
World energy consumption -> 104,426 TWh
Exergy is the useful portion of energy that allows us to do work and energy services.
It is gathered from energy-carrying substances in the natural world that we call energy sources.
While energy is conserved, the exergetic portion can be destroyed when it undergoes an energy conversion.
Global Exergy Flux Chart(gcep.stanford.edu)

6. Solar Energy Resources
Solar irradience is the power per unit area produced by the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation

7. Technical Potential www.landartgenerator.org 1980 (Real Data)
(207,368 KM2)
2008 (Real Data)
(366,357 KM2)
2030 (Projection)
(496,805 KM2)

8. Electricity Generation
Technical Potential
Assumptions and Facts
Total Energy Needs
(2030)
20% Panels efficiency
70% Sunny days
1000 Watts/m2
678 quadrillion Btu = 198,721,800,000,000 kWh
Electricity Generation
Required Land
1980 (Real Data)
(207,368 KM2)
2008 (Real Data)
(366,357 KM2)
2030 (Projection)
(496,805 KM2)
400 kWh/m2
496,805 km2
EIA [US Energy Information Administration]
678 quadrillion Btu (the US Energy Information Administration's estimation of global energy consumption by 2030) = 198,721,800,000,000 kilowatt-hours (simple conversion) divided by 400 kilowatt-hours of solar energy production per square meter of land (based on 20% efficiency, 70% sunshine days per year and the fact that 1,000 watts of solar energy strikes each square meter of land on Earth) = 496,805 square kilometers of solar panels (191,817 square miles)

9. Progress in solar PV markets and installation
iea [International Energy Agancy]

10. Global Cumulative Growth of PV Capacity
iea [International Energy Agancy]

11. Annual growth of solar technologies worldwide

12. Solar Energy Situation in Estonia
Solar energy is mainly used in separated households and in case of small autonomous systems
Solar radiation of the surface of Estonia is around 1000 kWh/m2/y
Maximum surface area of solar panels can be around km2

13. Solar Energy Technologies
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into either electricity or heat using direct or indirect way.
Direct
Photovoltaics
Indirect
Solar thermal collectors
Solar architecture (passive solar building design)
Hybrid
PVT system
CPV/CSP system
Solar Energy

14. Direct Photovoltaics
Photovoltaics convert light into an electric current via the photovoltaic effect using semiconducting material.
Material currently used: Si (expensive), CdTe, CIGS(toxic), conductive polymers (low efficiency) etc.
Mechanism of organic solar cell
Source:
PV plant in Greece (13 MW)
Source:

15. PV system
Source:
Photovoltaic power capacity is measured as maximum power output under standardized test conditions (STC) in Wats peak. The actual power output at a particular point in time may be less than or greater than this standardized value, depending on geographical location, time of day, weather conditions, and other factors.
 Solar photovoltaic array capacity factors are typically under 25%, which is currently lower than many other industrial sources of electricity.

16. Indirect: Solar Thermal Collectors
Solar hot water panels, solar parabolic through, solar power tower.
These use collectors that capture solar irradiation.
Can be used to produce heat or electricity (indirectly).
Solar parabolic through
Source:
Solar power tower, Spain 50MW
Source:
Solar hot water panel
Source (

17. Indirect: Solar Architecture
Windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer.
Does not involve the use of mechanical or electrical devices
The key to design a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate performing an accurate site analysis.
Elements to be considered include window placement and size, and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading.
Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted or "retrofitted"
Mechanism of passive solar building
Source:
An example of passive solar building
Source:

18. Summary Advantages Disadvantages Endless, FREE!!! resource
Environmentally friendly
Supply not controlled by electricity company
Stable price
Once PV panels are set up maintenance costs are low
Disadvantages
The Sun is not always present
Currently expensive to install
Biological resource impacts

19. References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy
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20. Thank you for your attention