2.  Magnitude  An assessment of the size of an event  But what characteristic property is measured? ▪Wind speed? Barometric Pressure? Eye diameter?  What unit? ▪m/s, km/h  Intensity  An assessment of the impact of a disaster  But what aspects of damage are considered? ▪Was it observed by people? ▪Property damage? ▪Death?  Unitless…a ranking ▪Category

4. CatEffects 1 No real damage to building structures. Damage primarly to unanchored mobile homes, shrubbery, and trees. Also, some coastal road flooding and minor pier damage 2 Some roofing material, door, and window damage to buildings. Considerable damage to vegetation, mobile homes, and piers. Coastal and low-lying escape routes flood 2-4 hours before arrival of center. Small craft in unprotected anchorages break moorings. 3 Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings with a minor amount of curtainwall failures. Mobile homes are destroyed. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures with larger structures damaged by floating debris. Terrain continuously lower than 5 feet ASL may be flooded inland 8 miles or more. 4 More extensive curtainwall failures with some complete roof strucutre failure on small residences. Major erosion of beach. Major damage to lower floors of structures near the shore. Terrain continuously lower than 10 feet ASL may be flooded requiring massive evacuation of residential areas inland as far as 6 miles. 5 Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Major damage to lower floors of all structures located less than 15 feet ASL and within 500 yards of the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within 5 to 10 miles of the shoreline may be required. Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Intensity Scale

5. 5 http://www.weather.com/video/hurricane-categories-make-a- difference-38272 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eW3W1on9vjM Hurricane Katrina http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-zczJXSxnw Tacoma Bridge

6. 6 http://allanawheeler.files.wordpress.com/20 11/05/mms.jpg Earthquakes – Moment Magnitude

7. 7 Haiti Earthquake - 2010 Magnitude 7.0

8. 8

9. 9

10. Volcanoes (VEI) Volcanic explosivity index Blast duration (hours) < 1 <6 < 12 >12 Blast duration (hours) < 1 <6 < 12 >12

11. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xP2dre OI8gIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xP2dre OI8gI Mt. St Helens –Plinian 11

12. Papadapoulos-Imamura Scale (Tsunami) 12 Not felt Scarcely felt Weak Largely observed Strong Slightly damaging Damaging Heavily damaging Destructive Very destructive Devastating Completely devastating

13. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1J8Feyr 38Sshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1J8Feyr 38Ss 2004 Tsunami 13

14. 14 Fujita Scale Tornadoes 64 to 116 117 to 180 181 to 252 253 to 330 331 to 417 Wind Speed km/hr 418 to 509 510 to sonic

15. 15 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gieSbj2svwY Fujita Scale

16. 16 Torino Scale: Impact Risk (NEOs) Near-earth objects – asteroids and comets Events Having No Likely Consequences (White Zone) 0 The likelihood of a collision is zero, or well below the chance that a random object of the same size will strike the Earth within the next few decades. This designation also applies to any small object that, in the event of a collision, is unlikely to reach the Earth's surface intact. Events Meriting Careful Monitoring (Green Zone) 1 The chance of collision is extremely unlikely, about the same as a random object of the same size striking the Earth within the next few decades. Events Meriting Concern (Yellow Zone) 2 A somewhat close, but not unusual encounter. Collision is very unlikely. 3 A close encounter, with 1% or greater chance of a collision capable of causing localized destruction. 4 A close encounter, with 1% or greater chance of a collision capable of causing regional devastation.

17. 17 Torino Scale: Impact Risk Threatening Events (Orange Zone) 5 A close encounter, with a significant threat of a collision capable of causing regional devastation. 6 A close encounter, with a significant threat of a collision capable of causing a global catastrophe. 7 A close encounter, with an extremely significant threat of a collision capable of causing a global catastrophe. Certain Collisions (Red Zone) 8 A collision capable of causing localized destruction. Such events occur somewhere on Earth between once per 50 years and once per 1000 years. 9 A collision capable of causing regional devastation. Such events occur between once per 1000 years and once per 100,000 years. 10 A collision capable of causing a global climatic catastrophe. Such events occur once per 100,000 years, or less often.

18. Current Impact Risks 18 http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risks/

19. Mars Moon Mercury Ida-243 Impact craters are found on any planetary body with a solid surface

20. Earth’s Known Impact Structures Earth retains the poorest record of impact craters amongst terrestrial planets Plate tectonics - Erosion – Sedimentation - Life Oceans are relatively young and hard to explore Atmosphere Why?

21. Manicouagan, Canada (62 mi) Roter Kamm, Namibia (1.6 mi) Brent, Canada (2.4 mi) Wabar, Saudi Arabia (0.072 mi) Vredefort, South Africa (125-185 mi) Meteor Crater, AZ (0.75 mi) Wolfe Creek, Australia (0.55 mi) Spider, Australia (8.1 mi) Popigai, Russia (62 mi)

22. 22

23. 23 Tunguska Event, Siberia Aerial explosion of a stony asteroid, 25-50 m diameter 7:00 am June 30, 1908 Blue-white fireball wih glowing tail descended Exploded above Tunguska Valley forest 10 Mt of TNT, 10 H-bombs Sound heard over area of 1 million km 2 Flattened and burned 2000 km 2 Once every 300 years!

24. Tunguska Event, (Russia) 24 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiXpp-i442s

25. 25

26. 26 Odds of dying: Motor vehicle accident1 in 100 Asteroid impact (optimal chance)1 in 3000 Flood1 in 30,000 Tornado1 in 60,000 Asteroid impact (worse chance)1 in 250,000

27. http://www.cnet.com/news/odds -of-dying-from-an-asteroid- strike-1-in-74817414/ 27

28. http://news.nationalgeographic.c om/news/2014/05/140512- asteroid-impact-winter-science/ 28

29. 29 Blizzard A severe winter storm lasting four or more hours. It is characterized by significant wind chill, strong winds and poor visibility due to blowing snow. visibility < 1 km wind speeds of >40 km/h wind chill of -25ºC or colder Duration 4+ hours Environment Canada http://www.mb.ec.gc.ca/air/wintersevere/blizzards.en.html

30. Blizzards in Canada: 1 Alberta Clipper 2 Maritimes Nor’easter 3 Colorado Low 30

31. http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/ articles/remembering-white-juan-10-years- later/21728/ 31

32. 32 http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1845/2147/F2.large.jpg World Map of Natural Hazards. Earthquake hazard is shown in yellow–brownish colours and has been classified into five grades according to the minimum intensity (Modified Mercalli scale) to be reached or exceeded once in 475 years. Darkest colour means highest hazard. The hazard of tropical windstorms is presented in green colours, again darkest colour corresponds to highest hazard. Classification is according to the five degree Saffir–Simpson scale. Green arrows represent the main cyclone tracks. Other hazards shown are extratropical storms (grey shading) and active volcanoes (small black symbols). Add to CiteULike

33. In Summary… Hurricanes – Saffir Simpson Scale Earthquakes – Moment Magnitude Scale Volcanoes – VEI index Tsunamis - Papadapoulos-Imamura Scale Tornadoes – Fujita Scale Impacts (NEOs) – Torino Scale Severe Snowstorms - Blizzards 33

34. Play Blizzard! 34