2. Census: official count of the population First census of U.S. (1791): 4 million people Second census (1820): 10 million people Major movement west of Appalachians

3. Turnpikes: Toll roads Made of crushed stones National Road (1818): Turnpike which connected Ohio and Illinois to the East River Travel Faster than land travel Problems Rivers moved N to S, not E to W Traveling upstream by barge was dangerous & slow

5. Robert Fulton: Invented Clermont (1807) Steamboat with a powerful engine Carried Cargo and Passengers Navigated from New York to Albany by Hudson River Only took 32 hours (sail boats would have taken 4 days)

7. Steamboat benefits Shipping goods became cheaper & faster Growth of Cincinnati & St. Louis

8. Canals- Artificial waterways Erie Canal- From Albany (connected to Hudson River) to Buffalo (Lake Erie) Consists of locks- separate compartments where water levels were raised or lowered Steamboats dragged by team of horses

11. Movements to the West First wave in 1803: Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio Second wave 1816-1821: Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, & Missouri became These territories became states

13. Movements to the West Dramatic growth Ohio in 1800- 45,000 settlers Ohio in 1820- 581,000 settlers