1. Chapter 7 Study Guide By: Dani Golway Joel Pogue Meghan Reidy Evan Nix

2. What you should know… The course divides urban geography into two subfields. The first is the study of systems of cities, focusing on where cities are located and why they are there. The second subfield focuses on the form, internal structure, and landscapes of cities and emphasizes what cities are like as places in which to live and work.

3. What is the CBD? The CBD (central business district) is the downtown nucleus of a city, where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated. The CBD formed after the Industrial Revolution. Large amounts of people moved into the city from the countryside due to mechanization of many agricultural techniques, and better medical technology that increased sanitation. Building densities are normally quite high. Retail services have a high threshold (the minimum amount of costumers required to support a business) and range (the maximum distance the customer is willing to travel for a good or service). The land cost is normally high. (Highest in Japan) Transportation systems converge in the CBD. The CBD is the main concept of this chapter. Make sure that you know the economic, cultural, and political implications of the CBD!!!

4. CBD 234 Concentric Zone Model A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings. 2. Wholesale manufacturing 3. Low class residential housing 4. Medium and high class residential housing 5. Suburban housing 5 A good example of this is Chicago!! (And many North American cities) Make sure you know these!!!

5. Sector Model These are typically located in Latin America. A model of urban land use that places the central business district in the middle with wedge shaped sectors radiating outwards from the CBD

6. Multiple Nuclei Model This model lacks a central core. It has many different “nodes” of business. Los Angeles is a good example of this. It has several different regions that contain high land value and a lot of business activity.

7. Central Place Theory The central place theory suggests that large cities serve as the economic hub for the smaller cities around them, because they contain goods and services that are not always located in the small cities surrounding it. The proportion of small towns to large cities is the rank-size rule. According to the rank-size rule, the population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy of cities. Over time, a megalopolis may form. A megalopolis is an entire region that has become highly urbanized. A great example of a megalopolis is the Osaka-Nagoya-Tokyo region. Here’s a nice picture!

8. Central Place Theory cont’d Contrary to the rank size rule, a primate city is a city that overwhelmingly dominates the clustering of businesses and population. Squatter settlements are often clustered in the outer regions of a major city. Squatter settlements are normally constructed from scrap metal. These settlements are characterized by extreme poverty and the land used to build the houses is neither sold nor rented to the settlers.

9. IMPORTANT VOCABULARY! (Make sure you know not only the definition, but know the application of the word on the models of land use) Edge City - Cities are located on the outskirts of larger cities and serve many of the same functions of urban areas. Gentrification – Middle and upper income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architecture but replacing low-income populations. Know the ramifications of gentrification on modern cities!!! Ghettoization – Process in which many inner cities become centers of poverty. High income citizens typically move to the suburbs. Know the ramifications of ghettoization on the CBD and its periphery!!! Segregation – Individuals leave the cities for homogeneous suburban neighborhoods. This process isolates those who are not wealthy enough to relocate to suburbs. Know how this can change the economic activities of a region.

10. Cool Articles! http://www.boston.com/news/education/k_12/arti cles/2009/04/30/controversy_over_school_redist ricting_intensifies/http://www.boston.com/news/education/k_12/arti cles/2009/04/30/controversy_over_school_redist ricting_intensifies/ http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04- 19-gentrification_x.htmhttp://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04- 19-gentrification_x.htm http://tropej.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstra ct/36/3/135http://tropej.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstra ct/36/3/135 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2005/10/16/AR20051016011 46.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2005/10/16/AR20051016011 46.html