1. You will learn: About different types of interactions in an ecosystem. How some species benefit from interactions. How some species are harmed by interactions. ORGANISMS CAN INTERACT IN DIFFERENT WAYS

2. ORGANISMS INTERACT IN DIFFERENT WAYS The human community competes and cooperates. Other biological communities do the same. They share a habitat and resources in the habitat. How different organisms interact depends on their relationship to each other.

3. ORGANISMS INTERACT IN DIFFERENT WAYS A robin in a meadow picks at soil, pulls out worm and swallows it. This is an interaction: one eats, the other gets eaten. Organisms compete. The robin had to compete with a chickadee to get the worm. Organisms cooperate. Ants work together to build a nest, collect food, defend their colony.

4. QUESTION… Name three ways organisms may interact with each other in an ecosystem. Sharing food A water source Living in the same place

5. PREDATOR AND PREY Predator : the animal that eats another Can affect how members of prey populations are distributed Wildebeests travel in herds for protection Sick and old members are usually eaten Prey : the animal that is eaten by a predator Affect the location and number of predator populations Ex. Some birds are predators feeding on insects. One factor that may affect the movement of birds is the availability of insects.

6. COMPETITION Competition : the struggle between individuals or different populations for a limited resource May occur within the same species in an ecosystem Ex. Plants compete with each other for space, light, and nutrients Creosote bushes produce a toxin from their roots that prevent other Creosote bushes from growing

7. COMPETITION Also occurs between members of different species. Ex. In Indonesia, vines called strangler figs compete with trees for light, water, and nutrients. Attaches to host tree, surrounds and eventually kills the tree. Infer: Do you think the strangler fig could survive on its own?

8. What is it like on the floor of the rain forest? Deep shade, damp, moist What is at the top of the rainforest? Lots of sunlight, leafy What does the tree give to the fig vine? Support so it can grow up towards the light STRANGLER FIG

9. COMPETITION More Examples: Hyenas and vultures compete for carcass’ Wolves compete with each other over territory What sort of resources do plants and animals compete for? Space, light, water, and nutrients

10. COMPETITION Does NOT occur in all populations that share resources. Many species live together without causing harm Ex. Maple trees, Oak trees, and Birch trees all live together in the forest Ex. Deer and rabbits live together

11. SO…. In what ways do organisms of the same or different species compete? For food, space, water, other resources What groups of organisms compete for mates? Males or females of the same species

12. COOPERATION Cooperation : an interaction in which organisms work in a way that benefits them all Some animals cooperate when hunting. Name some. Killer whales, lions, wolves Ants, bees and termites cooperate. Live in colonies Have different jobs/responsibilities

13. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT When animals mark their territory, how are they relating to other members of their species? They are competing. How are they relating when they hunt in packs? They are cooperating within their species, and they are preying on another species.

14. SURVIVAL The Survival of one species might depend on another species. One species depends on the action or presence of another. One species gets something it needs to survive Food, reproductive help, protection Symbiosis : the relationship between individuals of two different species Symbiosis means “living together”

15. SYMBIOSIS May affect the partners in different ways: Both species benefit from the relationship. One species benefits while the other is not affected. One species benefits while the other is harmed.

16. SYMBIOSIS- BOTH SPECIES BENEFIT Mutualism : an interaction between two species that benefits both Ex. Bees and flowers The bee gets food, flower gets pollen from other flowers to produce seeds Termites and protozoans Termites are able to eat wood because of the protozoans that live in the termites gut and digest the wood. The protozoans get a place to live and the termites get a food source that no other animal can eat.

17. Which structures and behaviors of the hummingbird enable it to get nectar from the flower? It has a long thin beak and can hover How is the structure of the flower suited to its interaction with the hummingbird? Its blooms are deep; it’s colorful; produces sweet food; pollen is spread to help reproduction Why is this a good example of mutualism? 2 different species interact. They each get a different need met. ASSESSMENT

18. SYMBIOSIS- ONE SPECIES BENEFITS Commensalism: a relationship between two species in which one species benefits while the other is not affected Ex. Orchids and mosses Grow on tree trunks or branches Get light and nutrients that run down the tree The tree is not affected Remoras hitch a ride on sharks and eat the sharks leftovers The shark is not affected

19. SYMBIOSIS- ONE SPECIES IS HARMED Parasitism : a relationship between two species in which one species benefits while the host is harmed Parasites are often tiny and feed off and weaken the host Ex. Ticks, lice, mites are external parasites Ex. Tapeworms and fungus

20. IN YOUR NOTEBOOK ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS: 1. Name two ways in which members of the same species interact. 2. In what ways do members of different species interact? 3. Give an example of each type of symbiotic relationship: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism 4. Think of a biological community near you, and give an example of how one population has affected another.