1. 4A7 Design and the Built Environment Energy Efficient Building Talk about my involvement with energy conservation and renewable energy projects from the 1976 energy crisis up to today. 1976 Energy Crisis in TCD 1984 Heat pumps in TCD 1985 Use of weather forecasts, thermodynamic models, wireless communications in TCD 1992 Green Building (modelled on Museum Building) 1994 CHP/DHS at Wood Quay

2. 4A7 Design and the Built Environment Energy Efficient Building 1994 to 2005 The Dark Ages (including 1999 electricity regulations act.,) 2005 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2006 Biomass/CHP/DHS 2006 Grid-connected PV 2006 Green Building twelve-year case study 2007 Café-Restaurant chain study 2007 Local Authority improvements to Building Regulations 2007 House of the future project

3. Plans for East End Development shelved while Government considered merger between TCD and UCD!!! January 1975

4. Building Projects Officer with no Building Project!!! January 1975

5. What will we do with him? January 1975

6. Get him to survey the College!!! January 1975

7. 1976 twelve months later Conflict in middle east

8. Energy crisis in TCD!

9. Energy crisis in TCD 1976 What to do? Form a committee?? Examine energy consumption data No energy consumption data!! Random oil deliveries – tanks topped up by truck driver Amount of oil delivered known Amount in tanks not known!! Electricity similar One main meter serving most buildings No idea what was going where!! No basis for planning energy conservation programme

10. Energy crisis in TCD 1976 (Contd.,) Oil deliveries stopped. Electricity maintained on condition that load reduced Then electricity scheduled – i.e. cut for several hours a day (usually given notice) Two courses of action 1.Improve “housekeeping” a)Fit doors to Front Square, New Square, Botany Bay and Rubrics (there were none) b)Lag hot water tanks (there was none) c)Draught strip windows and doors d)Fitted thermostats where possible e)Issued circulars and put up signs f)Reduced running hours of plant g)Fit more efficient lights…. Etc., 2.Set about collecting data

11. Energy crisis in TCD 1976 (Contd.,) Set about collecting data 1.Needed data to identify “hot spots”, calculate value of potential savings and then measure savings 2.Approached consultants. 3.Got specification of plant from consultants; knew operating hours; multiplied one by the other; did this for all boilers; totalled up; result many times what was being delivered 4.Became clear that heating systems were massively oversized 5.Recurring theme; over and over again since then; right up to today

12. Back to Energy crisis in TCD 1976 (Contd.,) Developed computerised energy audit Dipped oil tanks every month (and before and after deliveries) Fitted electrical sub-meters where it made sense; and read them monthy Linked resulting database with atlas database (the result of my survey) Entered unit costs and unit energy values Got accurate set of data showing total and unit consumption and cost figures for whole campus and most buildings Homed in on high use/cost buildings Identified low use/cost buildings (Museum Building was star performer) Put together list of energy conservation projects Analysed each project Authorised to proceed with two year and less pay-back projects (funded out of revenue) Sought external funding for longer pay-back projects

13. Back to Energy crisis in TCD 1976 (Contd.,) Developed computerised energy audit Dipped oil tanks every month (and before and after deliveries) Fitted electrical sub-meters where it made sense; and read them monthy Linked resulting database with atlas database (the result of my survey) Entered unit costs and unit energy values Got accurate set of data showing total and unit consumption and cost figures for whole campus and most buildings Homed in on high use/cost buildings Identified low use/cost buildings (Museum Building was star performer) Put together list of energy conservation projects Analysed each project Authorised to proceed with two year and less pay-back projects (funded out of revenue) Sought external funding for longer pay-back projects Incredibly useful information. Have since collected data for huge number of buildings in Ireland. Now much easier to collect. Hard facts about actual energy use. Not available elsewhere. About to become mandatory (EU-EPBD)

14. Overview of related projects

15. Leak in water main

16. Use of ground water and heat pumps to reduce energy and water consumption in TCD Heat Pump Production wells Injection wells Storage tanks

17. Use of ground water and heat pumps to reduce energy and water consumption in TCD Heat Pump Production wells Injection wells Storage tanks Site investigation

18. 1984 Use of ground water and heat pumps to reduce energy and water consumption in TCD Heat Pumps Production well – 32 l/s @ 14°C Co-efficient of performance of 3

19. 1986 Weather forecasts, thermodynamic models and wireless controls Controllers with timetable and local occupancy and temperature sensor Controlled, heating, lighting and interruptable electrical loads Transmit weather, weather forecast plus interrupt commands over mains wiring Attempting to exploit thermal stability of historic buildings Maximise use of night rate electricity Mimimise overheating = 16% reduction in energy consumption

20. Museum Building Completed in 1857, 150 years ago Tiny boiler, no pumps, no fans, no heat exchangers, no electric/electronic controls, no emergncy signs, no card access, no comms equipment, no electromagnetic locks, no alarm systems, no control panels, no stand-by power, low window to wall ratio, high floor to ceiling height, stone/bare timber floors, no false ceilings, high window heights, wonderful natural ventilation Coolest Building in College

21. Remarkable energy efficiency is the result of maximum possible use of natural systems carefully incorporated into original design Stack effect ventilation Wind assisted ventilation Tempered incoming air Heat recovery from exhaust air Very high efficiency central heating High ceilings, high windows, high thermal inertia, high thermal contact

22. Concept of “ideal building” emerged High thermal inertia Changing form External insulation Maximum use of RE – ground water, solar, wind Selected materials Mixed use No car parking No baths Recycled material where possible

23. Applied to EU for support Got grant of IR£500k from EU towards project; c.€3M today Site for original scheme sold EU agreed that we could use money on another suitable site Where to build ideal building? No strings attached. Must be energy efficient. Must be monitored. TCD – No!! Temple Bar Properties – Yippiee!!

24. Green Building – Temple Bar