1. Bone Growth

2. Early in development, the human fetus is made entirely of cartilage.

3. Ossification The process of turning soft cartilage into hard bone. Mineral deposits replace the cartilage.

4. Ossification In long bones (arms and legs), ossification begins at the center and moves toward the ends.

5. Ossification At birth, cartilage remains in the skeleton, including at the end of long bones. This cartilage will grow as the long bones grow, so the skeleton can increase in length.

6. Ossification In the late teens/early 20’s, all the cartilage becomes replaced by bone. This is called skeletal maturity. No further growth in length is possible.

7. Bone Formation through X-Rays

9. Bone Anatomy Spongy Bone Marrow Compact Bone Periosteum

10. Bone Marrow Red Marrow- Makes red blood cells, platelets, most white blood cells. Yellow Marrow- Makes only white blood cells. (Only found in adult bones)

11. Skeletal Disorders Giantism Acromegaly Pituitary Dwarfism Osteoporosis Osteomalacia Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) aka Stone Man Syndrome

12. Giantism Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone during childhood. Excessive Growth

13. Acromegaly Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone as an adult. Overgrowth of face, feet, hands.

14. Pituitary Dwarfism Deficiency of Growth Hormone Short long bones

15. Osteoporosis Bone is degraded faster than it can be replaced. Results in porous bones. Fractures in vertebrate and femur become common.

16. Osteomalacia “Soft bones”- lacking minerals In childhood, called “Rickets”- more detrimental because bones are still growing.

17. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) AKA Stone Man Syndrome Bone replaces muscles, tendons and ligaments. Ossification spontaneously or when injured.