1. Arrays and Pointers (part 2) CSE 2031 Fall 2010 17 March 2016

2. Be extra careful with pointers! Common errors: Overruns and underruns  Occurs when you reference a memory beyond what you allocated. Uninitialized pointers Null pointers de-referencing Memory leaks Inappropriate use of freed memory Inappropriately freed memory 2

3. Uninitialized Pointers Example 1 int *p; *p = 20; Example 2 main() { char *x[10]; strcpy( x[1],”Hello” ); } 3

4. Null Pointer Dereferencing main( ) { int *x; x = ( int * )malloc( sizeof( int ) ); *x = 20; // What’s wrong? } Better code: x = ( int * ) malloc( sizeof( int ) ); if ( x == NULL ) { printf( “Insufficient memory!\n” ); exit( 1 ); } *x = 20; 4

5. Memory Leaks int *x; x = (int *) malloc( 20 ); x = (int *) malloc( 30 ); The first memory block is lost for ever. MAY cause problems (exhaust memory). 5

6. Inappropriate Use of Freed Memory char *x; x = (char *) malloc( 50 ); free( x ); x[0] = ‘A’; /* Does work on some systems though */ 6

7. Arrays of Pointers (5.6) char *words[] = { “apple”, “cherry”, “banana” }; words is an array of pointers to char. Each element of words ( words[0], words[1], words[2] ) is a pointer to char. words 012012 “apple” “cherry” “banana” 7

8. Arrays vs. Pointers What is the difference between the previous example and the following? char words[][10] = { “apple”, “cherry”, “banana”}; 8 Previous example

9. char *words[] = { “apple”, “cherry”, “prune” }; char **p; p = words; printf("%c\n", **p); printf("%c\n",*(*(p+1)+2)); printf("%c\n",*(*(p+2)+2)+1); Arrays of Pointers: Example +1 9

10. Pointers to Whole Arrays char a[10] = “banana”; char *p1; char (*p2)[10]; p1 = a; /* p1 points to first element*/ p2 = &a; /* p2 points to the whole array */ printf(“%c %c”, *p1, **p2); // What’s the difference between p1+1 and p2+1 ? // What’s char *p3[100] ? 10

11. Pointers to Pointers (5.6) Pointers can point to integers, floats, chars, and other pointers. int **j; int *i; int k = 10; i = &k; j = &i; printf(“%d %d %d\n”, j, i, k); printf(“%d %d %d\n”, j, *j, **j); printf(“%x %x %x\n”, j, *j, **j); -1073744352 -1073744356 10 bffff620 bffff61c a Output on some system: 11

12. Multi-dimensional Arrays (5.7) int a[3][3]; int a[3][3] = { {1,2,3}, {4,5,6}, {7,8,9}}; int a[ ][3] = { {1,2,3}, {4,5,6}, {7,8,9}}; int a[ ][ ] = { {1,2,3}, {4,5,6}, {7,8,9}}; To access the elements: if ( a[2][0] == 7 ) printf (... ); for ( i=0, j=0;... ; i++, j++ ) a[i][j] = i+j; 12

13. Multi-dimensional Arrays (cont.) Multi-dimensional arrays are arrays of arrays. For the previous example, a[0] is a pointer to the first row. Lay out in memory a[0][0] a[0][1]a[0][2]a[1][0] a[1][1] 13 a[0]a[1]

14. Multi-dimensional Arrays: Example #include int main() { float *pf; float m[][3]={{0.1, 0.2, 0.3}, {0.4, 0.5, 0.6}, {0.7, 0.8, 0.9}}; printf("%d \n", sizeof(m)); pf = m[1]; printf("%f %f %f \n",*pf, *(pf+1), *(pf+2)); } 36 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000 14

15. Multi-D Arrays in Function Declarations int a[2][13]; // to be passed to function f f( int daytab[2][13] ) {... } or f( int daytab[ ][13] ) {... } or f( int (*daytab)[13] ) {... } Note: Only to the first dimension (subscript) of an array is free; all the others have to be specified. 15

16. Initialization of Pointer Arrays (5.8) /* month_name: return name of n-th month */ char *month_name( int n ) { static char *name[] = { "Illegal month", "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December" }; return (n 12) ? name[0] : name[n]; } 16

17. Pointers vs. Multi-D Arrays (5.9) int a[10][20]; int *b[10]; a: 200 int-size locations have been set aside. b: only 10 pointers are allocated and not initialized; initialization must be done explicitly.  Assuming each element of b points to an array of 20 elements, total size = 200 integers + 10 pointers. Advantage of b: the rows of the array may be of different lengths (saving space). 17

18. Advantage of Pointer Arrays char *name[ ] = { "Illegal month", "Jan", "Feb", "Mar" }; char aname[ ][15] = {"Illegal month", "Jan", "Feb", "Mar" }; 18

19. Command-Line Arguments (5.10) Up to now, we defines main as main(). Usually it is defined as main( int argc, char *argv[] ) argc is the number of arguments. argv is a pointer to the array containing the arguments. argv[0] is a pointer to a string with the program name. So argc is at least 1. argv[argc] is a NULL pointer. 19

20. Command-Line Arguments (cont.) main( int argc, char *argv[] ) { int i; printf( “Number of arg = %d\n“, argc ); for( i = 0; i < argc; i++ ) printf( “%s\n”, argv[i] ); } a.out Number of arg = 1 a.out a.out hi by 3 Number of arg = 4 a.out hi by 3 20

21. Example Write a program name echo (echo.c) which echoes its command-line arguments on a single line, separated by blanks. Command: echo hello, world Output: hello, world 21

22. Example: Diagram Write a program name echo (echo.c) which echoes its command-line arguments on a single line, separated by blanks. Command: echo hello, world Output: hello, world 22

23. echo, 1 st Version main( int argc, char *argv[] ) { int i; for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) printf("%s%s", argv[i], (i < argc-1) ? " " : ""); printf("\n"); return 0; } 23

24. echo, 2 nd Version main( int argc, char *argv[] ) { while (--argc > 0) printf("%s%s", *++argv, (argc > 1) ? " " : ""); printf("\n"); return 0; } 24

25. Complicated Declarations (5.12) char **argv int (*daytab)[13] int *daytab[13] int *comp() argv: pointer to pointer to char daytab: pointer to array[13] of int daytab: array[13] of pointer to int comp: function returning pointer to int 25

26. Next time... Introduction to UNIX 26