1. Public Opinion & Political Parties Chapter 11 and 12

2. The role of public opinion in a democracy Why public opinion ought to matter: The government’s legitimacy rests on the idea that government exists to serve the interests of its citizens. Why public opinion does matter: Politicians act as though they believe the public is keeping tabs on them. Because America is a democratic nation, it allows popular votes on national issues. This is called a PLEBISCITE

3. Those who favor an elite democracy are less likely to: Want Americans voting on national policy issues

5. How important is public opinion in our government today? If we live in a democracy then people’s opinion is very important But….although we want our opinion to be heard, We DO NOT want politicians to blindly follow public opinion.

6. Two competing views of citizenship The democratically enlightened citizen A virtuous citizen concerned for the common good, recognizes that compromise is necessary part of politics Recognizes that democracy carries obligations as well as rights The apolitical, self-interested citizen Inattentive and ill informed Easily manipulated Politically intolerant Unlikely to participate

7. Four criteria for ideal democratic citizens 1. Political knowledge Saliency 2. Ideology Doesn’t matter which one 3. Tolerance Open to Listening And recognizing our differences Make us a stronger nation 4. Participation

8. Rationally Ignorant Meet Joe, Joe is rationally ignorant. He chooses to keep himself uninformed about politics b/c of the cost in his time and/or money, which do not show tangible or measureable results. The founding fathers worried about “Joe” …Are you a Joe? Is someone you know a Joe? “ Who cares Fahgedaboutit”

9. Two-Step Flow Citizens get information and make decisions based on what more knowledgeable “opinion leaders” say is correct.

10. What influences our opinions about politics? Family: who we grew up listening to Schools and education Where we went to school and for how long Groups –The spiral of silence –Peers Political and social events

11. Spiral of Silence Spiral of silence theory describes the process by which one opinion becomes dominant as those who perceive their opinion to be in the minority do not speak up because society threatens individuals with fear of isolation.

12. Sources of division in public opinion Self-interest Education Age –Political generations

13. Sources of division in public opinion, cont’d. Gender –Gender gap –Marriage gap Race and ethnicity

14. Sources of division in public opinion, cont’d. Religion Geographical region Marital status

15. Measuring and tracking public opinion Informal measures of public opinion –E.g., personal contacts, mail from citizens –Allows politicians to pick up issues that could be missed in polls –Likely to have a sample bias

16. Measuring and tracking public opinion, cont’d. The sample –1,000–2,000 people –Sampling error Eliminating sample bias –Random samples –Strict rules for choosing a sample for any type of scientific or social science query

17. Who should be polled? The portion of the population picked to be polled is called the “sample” The larger the sample the lower number “sampling error” ( number that indicates within what range the results are accurate)

18. Horserace Poll the focus on polling data, public perception instead of candidate policy, and almost exclusive polling on candidate differences rather than similarities….people who are likely voters are the ones most politicians will want polled.

19. Measuring and tracking public opinion, cont’d. Importance of asking the right question –Respondents should be asked things they know and have thought about. –Questions should not be ambiguous. –Questions should not be loaded. –Terms used in question must be readily understood.

20. Holocaust survey mishap Example: Question that is ambiguous because it uses a double negative: –Does it seem possible or does it seem impossible to you that the Nazi extermination of Jews never happened? Better question –Does it seem possible to you that the Nazi extermination of the Jews never happened, or do you feel certain that it happened?

21. Measuring and tracking public opinion, cont’d. Types of polls: –National polls (e.g., CBS News/New York Times) –Campaign polls Benchmark poll Tracking poll Exit poll –Pseudo-polls Internet poll Call-in poll Push poll

22. Why Polls are not necessarily the best route Direct contact between an elected official is better because it leaves less room for the official to overlook or forget about an issue

23. What are YOU looking for? Unless worded properly, a poll can have misleading results. People tend to give responses based on “cues” given by the person asking the question.

24. Tracking & Benchmark Polls Really good at helping form a campaign strategy.

25. Measuring and tracking public opinion, cont’d. How accurate are the polls? –Generally can pick the winner of the election –Not correct to the percentage point because of margin of error –More accurate the closer one gets to the election

26. When politicians fail! Politicians are less likely to be successful if they only listen/poll to those who support them and to friendly interest groups. This is referred to as “Push Polling”

27. Question Length There is no necessary length required for polling questions. They should be clear and about something the respondent knows about.

28. Internet Polls Because of lack of verification, Internet polls are unreliable. For example when I googled “Poll on best candy bar, this image came up.” Who was polled? How were they polled, how can we prove this is incorrect or if it is actually correct? BTW I think Snickers are the best!

29. Enlightened Citizens Recognize that tolerance is a prerequisite for compromise which is necessary for living in a democracy.

30. What issues are men and women most different? Violence

31. Who’s in the Lead? Unscientific polls that try to determine who is leading a political race are called “Straw Polls” (comes from the old method of selection “drawing straws” to see who the winner is)

32. Political Parties (next chapter)

33. What role do Political Parties play? “Political parties created democracy, … democracy is unthinkable save in terms of parties…in other words… Political parties help unite people of similar ideologies, thus creating a unified group of people under a fragmented government.

34. Structure of the US Party System

35. Critical Elections An election that sees a significant change in party affiliation is considered “Critical.”

36. Realignment Party members shift their allegiance which impacts the party they are leaving. (usually results on a change in policy direction)

37. What do political parties do? Linkage: they provide communication between voters and politicians Unify: a fragmented government: separation of powers and federalism Voice for the opposition: parties can articulate opposition to the ideas and policies of those elected to serve in government.

38. Partisanship: Good Bad and Ugly? Partisanship (or taking a political sides) helps people have a voice but it also builds tension (and sometimes government shutdowns  ) However…..tension builds debate and debate strengthens democracy.