1. LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN (H UMAN ) C OMMUNICATION & L ANGUAGE

2. Table of Content In this section you will learn about: Communication:  Jakobson’s model  Nonverbal communication  Language Objectives: Understand the intricacies of nonverbal communication. Learn a bit of terminology needed to speak of the world’s languages.

3.  DEFINITION  JAKOBSON’S COMMUNICATION PROCESS Communication

4. Communication is a behaviour, or the _______________________, that affects the behaviour of others. When a living organism (or machine) communicates it sends messages about itself or its environment. The message is placed into a code.   Humans have a highly elaborate code called language.

5. Communication What is communication?  1 a the process or act of communicating; b the exchanging or imparting of ideas and information, etc.  2 a piece of information, a letter or a message.  3 social contact.  4 (communications) the various electronic processes by which information is conveyed from one person or place to another, especially by means of wires, cables or radio waves.  5 (communications) the science and activity of transmitting information, etc. http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?title=21st&query=

6. Communication Who?  Sender To whom?  Receiver What?  Thoughts, posture, opinions or information How?  Verbal (language) or nonverbal communication

7. Communication Process (Jakobson)

8. Communication The communication process of __________and _________will depend on a number of factors: 

9. SOME TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: KINESICS PROXEMICS Nonverbal Communication

10. Nonverbal communication is the act of imparting or interchanging thoughts, posture, opinions or _____________ without the use of words, using 

11. Nonverbal Communication ___ Spoken word: ___ ___ Body posture, gestures, facial expressions: ___ ___ Voice tone and inflection: ___

12. Nonverbal & Cultural Misunderstanding VIDEO: Body Language: An International View (2006) Pointing: fingers, eyes, chin or head... even lips (Shoshone Indians)! Miscommunication:

13. Types of Nonverbal Communication Kinesics: involves ________ or ____ movement:  Proxemics: how people perceive and use _______. 

14.  DISTINCTION BETWEEN:  Language, languages & Speech  LANGUAGES  DIALECTS Languages

15. Language language  1 any formalized system of communication, especially one that uses sounds or written symbols which the majority of a particular community will readily understand.  2 the speech and writing of a particular nation or social group.  3 the faculty of speech.

16. Language, Language and Speech FRENCHENGLISH “Language”Language/ability The innate ability to learn and produce language/code. Natural, universal and innate ability (amongst humans). “Langue”Language/code A code or system, used by consensus. Ex: different languages (French, English, Spanish, Greek, etc.). Collective (used within a language group, speakers of the language) “Parole”Speech The individual act of speaking (Concrete use of the language/code). Ex: “Please stop the bus!” Individual.

17. The world’s Languages Geographic distribution of the world’s languages Living Languages Percentage Americas 1,013 15% Africa 2,058 30% Europe 230 3% Asia 2,197 32% The Pacific 1,311 19% TOTAL 6,809 (Source: Ethnologue (1996), www.ethnologue.org)

18. Languages Across the World Top 10 languages by first language population: 1) Chinese (Mandarin) 873 014 000 (+178 000 000 L2 speakers) 2) Spanish 322 029 000 (+60 000 000 L2 speakers) 3) English 309 352 000 (+200 000 000 L2 speakers) 4) Hindi180 764 000 5) Portuguese177 457 000 6) Bengali171 070 000 7) Russian 145 031 000 (+110 000 000 L2 speakers) 8) Japanese122 434 000 9) German 95 393 000 (...) 17) French 64 858 000 (+50 000 000 L2 speakers) Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: chapter 8 (O’Grady, 2009; p. 289)

19. Galaxy of Languages (Calvet, 1999)

20. Gravitational Model (Calvet, 1999) GRAVITATIONAL MODEL:

21. Dialect:  A _________or ______variety of a language characterized by it’s own phonological, syntactic, or lexical properties.  We will use the term « _______ » in this class instead of speaking of dialects. Dialects

22. Pidgin Pidgin: A __________that emerges when speakers of a ______language are brought together in a stable situation requiring __________________ ____________________; it has ___________________and generally is considered to have a _______________ ______________________.

23. Creole Creole : A variety that arises as the __________ ____of the children of members of a ________ speech community.