1. Communicating

2. The ATmega16 communicates through one of the following ways: Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous serial Receiver and Transmitter (USART) Two-wire Serial Interface (TWI) also known as I 2 C

3. allows high-speed synchronous data transfer between the ATmega16 and peripheral devices (or between several AVR devices). Full-duplex, Three-wire Synchronous Data Transfer Master or Slave Operation 1. Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI):

4. ●The Master initiates the communication cycle when pulling low the Slave Select SS pin. ● Writing a byte to the Master Data Register (Master SPDR) starts the clock on the SCK line. After shifting one byte, the clock stops, and the flag SPIF is set. If the SPI interrupt enable bit (SPIE) is set, an interrupt is requested, and the Master will synchronize the Slave by pulling high the SS line. ●The system is single buffered in the transmit direction and double buffered in the receive direction (data bytes to be sent can be written only after the entire shift cycle is completed, while a received character must be read from the SPI Data Register before the next character has been completely shifted in).

5. ► When in Slave Mode: SS- the Slave Select pin is always input, When SS is forced to low, the SPI is activated, and MISO becomes an output if configured so by the user. When SS is high again, all pins are inputs, and the slave will not receive incoming data. and drops any partially received data in the Shift Register.

6. SPI Registers: SPI Control Register:

7. SPI Data Register – SPDR: Writing to the register initiates data transmission. Reading the register causes the Shift Register Receive buffer to be read. SPI Status Register – SPSR: Bit 7: SPI Interrupt Flag: is set when a serial transfer is complete by Master and Slave is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, the SPIF bit is cleared by first reading the SPI Status Register with SPIF set, then accessing the SPI Data Register (SPDR). Bit 6: Write Collision Flag is set if the Data Register is written during a data transfer. Bit 0: Double Speed Bit in master mode setting this bit will double the freq of the clock.

8. SPI Settings By CodeVision Wizard

9. 2. Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous serial Receiver and Transmitter (USART) Full Duplex Operation. Asynchronous or Synchronous Operation Master or Slave Clocked Synchronous Operation. Supports Serial Frames with 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 Databits and 1 or 2 Stop Bits. Odd or Even Parity Generation. Three Separate Interrupts on TX Complete, TX Data Register Empty and RX Complete.

10. Used by Synchr. Comm. Share same I/O register

11. Mode Selection: Asynchronous / Synchronous Operation Receiver/Transmitter Enable: enables USART Receiver and/or USART Transmitter Character Size: 5,6,7,8 or 9 bit Bit 8 (9 th Bit) location: Since transmit and receive registers has only 8 bits; Bit 1/0 in UCSRB-Reg (RXB8/TXB8) serve as Receive/Transmit Data Bit 8 and must be read/written before the low byte) Stop Bit Select: 1Stop Bits / 2Stop Bits Parity Mode: Parity disabled / Even Parity / Odd Parity USART Baud Rate

13. USART initializion: The USART has to be initialized before any communication can take place. The initialization process normally consists of setting the baud rate, setting frame format and enabling the Transmitter or the Receiver depending on the usage. For interrupt driven USART operation, the Global Interrupt Flag should be cleared (and interrupts globally disabled) when doing the initialization. ► The USART Transmitter: o The USART Transmitter is enabled by setting the Transmit Enable (TXEN) bit. o A data transmission is initiated by loading the transmit buffer with the data to be transmitted. o If 9-bit characters are used (UCSZ = 7), the ninth bit must be written to the TXB8 bit in UCSRB before the Low byte of the character is written to UDR. o The transmitter has two flags: USART Data Register Empty (UDRE) and Transmit Complete (TXC). They can generate interrupts. o Disabling of the Transmitter (setting the TXEN to zero) will not become effective until ongoing and pending transmissions are completed.

14. ► The USART Receiver: o The USART Receiver is enabled by setting the Receive Enable (RXEN) bit. o The Receiver starts data reception when it detects a valid start bit until the first stop bit of a frame is received. The Receiver will ignore a second stop bit. o If 9-bit characters are used the ninth bit must be read from the RXB8 bit in UCSRB before reading the low bits from the UDR. o The Receive Complete (RXC) Flag. When the Receive Complete Interrupt Enable (RXCIE) in UCSRB is set, the Receive Complete Interrupt will be executed as long as the RXC Flag is set. o Disabling of the Receiver will be immediate. Data from ongoing receptions will therefore be lost. o The USART Receiver has three error flags: Frame Error FE (is set when the stop bit was incorrect), Data OverRun DOR (indicates data loss due to a Receiver buffer full condition) and Parity Error (PE). o By Asynchr. Reception The clock recovery logic synchronizes internal clock to the incoming serial frames.

15. USART Registers: USART Data Register (UDR) The Transmit Data Buffer Register and the Receive Data Buffer Registers share the same I/O address referred to as USART Data Register or UDR.

16. USART Control and Status Register A (UCSRA)

17. USART Control and Status Register B (UCSRB)

18. USART Control and Status Register C (UCSRC) Clock Polarity (UCPOL) UCPOLOutput of TxD Pin Change Input on RxD Pin Sample 0Rising XCK EdgeFalling XCK Edge 1 Rising XCK Edge

19. 3. TWI (Two-wire Serial Interface): Simple Yet Powerful and Flexible Communication Interface. Only two Bus Lines Needed. Device can Operate as Transmitter or Receiver. Up to 400 kHz Data Transfer Speed. Noise Suppression Circuitry Rejects Spikes on Bus Lines. Address Recognition Causes Wake-up When AVR is in Sleep Mode. TWI protocol allows the interconnection of up to 128 devices. Uses only two bi-directional bus lines, clock (SCL=PC0) and data (SDA=PC1), with a pull-up resistor connected to each of the TWI open drain bus lines allowing wired-AND function. The output drivers contain a slew-rate limiter.

20. A transmission consists of a START condition, one or more data packets and a STOP condition. The bus is considered busy until the next STOP. A new START condition can be issued between a START and STOP condition (REPEATED START condition). The level of the data line must be stable when the clock line is high.

21. Comparison bet. Communication Systems: 1.Application: 2.Duplex: For prephiralsbet.2 uC’sMulti uC Comm. SPI   (no addressing) USART  easier by Synchr.   (address+data) TWIdifficult: needs Ack + address decoding   (7bit address= 128 device SPIUSARTTWI   R/W bit

22. 3. Synchronous/Asynchronous: 4. Number of Lines: Synchr.Asynchr. SPI  USART  TWI  SPIUSARTTWI 4 MOSI,MISO,SCK,SS 2/3 TXD,RXD/XCK 2 SDA,SCL

23. 5. Baud Rate: SPIfosc/2 -> fosc/128 USART-Synchr.fosc/2.(1->4096) USART-Asynchr. normal mode fosc/16.(1->4096) USART-Asynchr. double speed mode fosc/8.(1->4096) TWIfosc/(16+2.(10-255).4**1,4,16,64) (upto 400 Kbit/s)

24. 6. Flags and Interrupts: I)SPI: Serial Transfer Complete (F+I) Write Collision (F) II) USART: Transmitter - Data Register Empty (F+I) Transmitter – Transmit Complete (F+I) Receiver – Receive Complete (F+I) Receiver – Frame Error (F) Receiver – Data Overrun (F) Receiver – Parity Error (F) III) TWI: After Start (F+I) After SLA+R/W (F+I) After Master looses Arbitration (F+I) After Slave being addressed (F+I) After Receiving Data Bits (F+I) After Stop (F+I) By Bus Error (F+I)

25. 7.Options: I)SPI: Choose: Data Order, Clock Polarity, Clock Phase II) USART: Choose: Parity: even/odd/no Data Bits: 5/6/7/8/9 Stop Bits: 1/2 Clock Polarity III) TWI: Multi Master arbitration Each Step can generate an Interrupt asking for a response