1. Daniel Imhoff

2.  Used to identify standards that are critical to a company’s success  Used to compare: ◦ Actual Performance ◦ Determination of gaps in performance ◦ Implementation of improvements  External benchmarks are typically best practice

3.  Productivity- ratio of outputs achieved to inputs into production  Objectives of Productivity Measures: ◦ Were all inputs used needed to produce the actual output? ◦ Was the best mix of inputs used?

4.  Total Productivity Ratios (TPRs)  Reflect the value of all output relative to the value of all input.  Consider all inputs and the prices of the inputs  Calculation: ◦ Quantity of output produced/cost of inputs  Partial Productivity Ratios (PPRs)  Reflect the value of all outputs as compared to the value of major categories of input.  Concerned only with the quantity of a single output and not the price of input  Calculation: ◦ Quantity of output produced/quantity of the single input used

5.  BOMA (Building Owners and Managers Association International)  IMFA (International Facility Management Association)  It’s good practice to compare “apples to apples”  Normalize content